Oropharyngeal Cancer is a disease in which cancer is formed in the throat tissue (oropharynx). Oropharynx is the center of the throat that covers the base of the tongue, tonsils, soft palate, and the pharyngeal wall. Oropharyngeal cancer can be divided into two types, HPV-positive, associated with human papillomavirus infection, and HPV-negative cancers, which are typically associated with alcohol or tobacco use.
Video Oropharyngeal cancer
Signs and symptoms
The possible signs of oropharyngeal cancer are:
- Throat pain lasting for more than 2 weeks
- Throat pain or difficulty swallowing
- Unexplained quick weight loss
- Voice change (more hoarse)
- Pain ear
- Lump in the back of the throat or mouth
- Lump in the neck
- Blunt pain behind the sternum
- Persistent Cough
Maps Oropharyngeal cancer
Risk factors
Risk factors that may increase the risk of developing oropharyngeal cancer are:
- HPV infection
- Smoking and chewing tobacco
- Heavy alcohol use
- Low fruit and vegetable diet
- Chew betel, a stimulant commonly used in parts of Asia
- Mucosal infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) (cancer-mediated oropharynx mediated by HPV)
- Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
- Malnutrition
- Exposure to Asbestos
Certain genetic changes include: P53 mutation and CDKN2A mutation (p16).
High-risk lesions:
- Erythroplakia
- Mottled erythroplakia
- Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis
Medium-risk lesions:
- Oral submucose fibrosis
- Syphilitic glossitis
- Sideropenic dysphagia (or Paterson-Kelly-Brown syndrome)
Low-risk lesions:
- Oral lichen planus
- Discoid lupus erythematosus
- Discoid keratosis congenita
Pathophysiology
Cancer can spread three ways:
- Cancer invades the surrounding normal tissue.
- Cancer attacks the lymph system and travels through the lymph vessels to other places in the body.
- Cancer attacks the veins and capillaries and travels through the blood to other places in the body.
Diagnosis
Squamous cell carcinoma
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is a type of head and neck cancer that begins in the oropharynx, the middle of the throat covering the soft palate, the base of the tongue, the tonsils, and the sides and back wall of the throat. Squamous cell cancer in the tonsils is more closely related to human papillomavirus infection than cancer in other regions of the head and neck.
Stages
The National Cancer Institute (2016) provides the following definition:
Carcinoma stage 0 in situ
Abnormal cells are found in the oropharyngeal layer. It can become cancerous and spread to the nearest normal tissue.
Stage 1
Cancer has formed and is 20 mm or smaller and has not spread beyond the oropharynx.
Stage 2
Cancer has formed and is larger than 20 mm, but not larger than 40 mm. Also, it has not spread beyond the oropharynx.
Stage 3
- Cancer is larger than 40 mm and has not spread beyond the oropharynx.
- Any size and has spread to just one lymph node on the same side of the neck as cancer. Lymph nodes with cancer are 30 mm or smaller.
Stage 4A
- The cancer has spread to tissues near the oropharynx, including the larynx (voice box), roof of the mouth, lower jaw, tongue muscle, or jaw center muscle, and may have spread to one or more nearby lymph nodes ; nothing greater than 60 mm.
- Cancer of any size and has spread to a lymph node greater than 30 mm, but not larger than 60 mm on the same side of the neck as cancer or more than one lymph node, not more than 60 mm, on either side of the neck.
Stage 4B
- Cancer surrounds the main artery in the neck or spreads to the bone in the jaw or skull, to the muscles at the side of the jaw, or to the upper part of the throat behind the nose, and may have spread. to nearby lymph nodes.
- The cancer has spread to lymph nodes greater than 60 mm and may have spread to tissues around the oropharynx.
Stage 4C
Cancer has spread to other parts of the body; The tumor may be sized and may have spread to the lymph nodes.
Prognosis
People with oropharyngeal cancer-associated HPV tend to have higher survival rates. The prognosis for people with oropharyngeal cancer depends on the age and health of people and the stage of the disease. It is important for people with oropharyngeal cancer to take advanced exams for the rest of their lives, as cancer can occur in nearby areas. In addition, it is important to eliminate risk factors such as smoking and drinking alcohol, which increases the risk for second cancer.
Society and culture
- In 1995, actress Lana Turner died of oropharyngeal cancer after fighting for three years with the disease.
- In 2010, American actor Michael Douglas was reported to have oropharyngeal cancer.
- In 2014, Japanese musician and composer Ryuichi Sakamoto released a statement indicating that he had been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer by the end of June of the same year.
- In 2014, American musician and lead guitarist Green Day, Jason White, was diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer on 3 December.
- In 2015, British musician Bruce Dickinson is diagnosed, and takes a year off from Iron Maiden while undergoing treatment.
- In 2017, Rob Derhak, bassist of the moe jam band, was diagnosed, prompting the band to go unlimited hiatus.
See also
- Head and neck cancer
- Laryngeal cancer
- Thyroid cancer
References
Bibliography
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments