James Terry Sanford (August 20, 1917 - April 18, 1998) is an American university administrator and politician from North Carolina. A member of the Democratic Party, Sanford was the 65th North Carolina Governor (1961-1965), two US presidential candidates in the 1970s and US Senator (1986-1993). Sanford is a strong advocate of public education and introduced a number of new reforms and programs at North Carolina schools and institutions as state governors, raising funding for education and setting up the North Carolina Fund. From 1969 to 1985, Sanford was President of Duke University.
An Eagle Scout as a youth, Sanford became an FBI agent after graduating from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1939. During World War II, he saw combat at the European Theater and received a battlefield commission. After returning to civilian life after World War II, Sanford attended and graduated from the Law Faculty of the University of North Carolina and began his legal career in the late 1940s, immediately engaged in politics. As a lifelong democrat, he is known for his progressive leadership in civil rights and education; despite his opponents criticizing him as a liberal "tax and spending", Sanford is remembered as the main public figure in the South after World War II.
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Sanford was born in 1917 in Laurinburg, North Carolina, the son of Elizabeth Terry (Martin) and Cecil Leroy Sanford, both of English descent. He became an Eagle Scout in the Laurinburg Army, 20 of the American Boy Scouts (BSA). Shortly before he died, Sanford told the Boy Scouts experience to journalist David Gergen and said that "it might save my life in war." Boys who have been Scouts or have been in the CCC know how to keep themselves in the forest... What did I learn in Scouts supports me all my life, it helps me make a decision about what works best. "BSA recognized him with Scout Distinguished Eagle Award.
Sanford graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1939 and then served as a special agent at the FBI for two years. He married Margaret Rose Knight on July 4, 1942, and they later had two children: Terry Jr. and Elizabeth. During World War II, he was registered as a private soldier in the US Army and then reached the rank of first lieutenant. He was deployed to France with the Parachute Infantry Regiment 517 and then fought in the Battle of the Bulge. She was awarded the Bronze Star and Purple Heart for her courage and wounds. Sanford was dismissed with respect in 1946.
Sanford later served as company commander with the rank of captain in 119th Company of the 119th Infantry Regiment of the North Carolina National Guard from 1948 to 1960. After the war Sanford obtained a law degree from the Law Faculty of the University of North Carolina and served as president of Young Democratic Clubs of North Carolina, now known as Young Democrats of North Carolina.
Maps Terry Sanford
Career governor
Sanford was an assistant director of the University of North Carolina Institute of Government at Chapel Hill from 1946 to 1948, then started a personal law practice in Fayetteville. Sanford served a time as a state senator (1953-55), and chose not to run for a second term. He ran for governor of North Carolina in 1960, defeating I. Beverly Lake, Sr., Malcolm Buie Seawell, and John D. Larkins in primary Democrats and Robert Gavin in the general election. Chosen for a single term (as North Carolina governor then elected to only one term), Sanford took office from January 1961 to January 1965.
Education
Encouraged by his belief that one can achieve anything with a good education, Sanford almost doubled North Carolina spending in public schools. He began to consolidate the University of North Carolina system to ensure its solvency and strength as well as oversee the creation of the Community System of North Carolina College. She contains the idea for North Carolina Governor's School, a publicly funded six-week residential summer program for gifted high school students in the state. He founded the North Carolina Art School (now the University of North Carolina Art School) to retain talented students "in the field of music, drama, dance and art performances of allies, both at high school and college level" in their home country.
A controversial tax increase is made to finance educational programs. One such tax, on food, arouses many contradictions and is denounced as a setback by many, even some of the most loyal supporters of the governor. The food tax, dubbed "Terry's Tax", and other taxes that Sanford applied reduced his popularity and were strongly criticized by his political opponents.
Race and civil rights relations
Sanford fought for racial desegregation, and he even sent his son to a non-stretch public school when such a position was so unpopular. He also founded the North Carolina Fund under the leadership of George Esser to combat poverty and promote racial equality across the state.
In January 1964, James Farmer and Floyd McKissick of the Race Equality Congress demanded that the city of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, be one of the most integrated communities in the state, completely relegated on February 1 or facing a wave of demonstrations. Sanford released a statement of condemnation of the ultimatum and city officials promised support. He then said, "I feel that I've been driven long enough."
Handling Klux Klux Klan
Meanwhile, the Ku Klux Klan's white supremacist activity in North Carolina is increasing rapidly. Sanford requested information about the Clan from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). When the report was found to be insufficient and unsatisfactory, he arranged an FBI secret agent working in the North Division of Motor Vehicles to infiltrate the organization in the eastern part of the country. A few months later the FBI announced that North Carolina had one of the largest clan memberships in the country.
In June 1964, a group of interfaith students went to Elm City to renovate the local African-American church. Members of the Clan of the United States confronted the youths, who soon left the country. When the larger racial group arrives to complete the work, 250 clan members march to the city and two of them attempt to set fire to the church. Sanford publicly denounced the Clan method and ordered the State Road Patrol to help the city police. His staff secretly brokered the compromise, convincing the local priest to accommodate white volunteers at a hotel instead of a local black home and avoiding racial mixing rejected by clan members. The state authorities dealt with Clan members in the same way throughout the rest of Sanford's term, enabling the organization to strengthen its position in the region. In response to Sanford's criticism of their actions in Elm City, the clansmen burned a cross in the courtyard of the Governor's Palace hut in mid-August. Sanford examined the cross, then commented, "It is an honor to have such thugs against you, but it is a sign of shame for the state of North Carolina to do such childish activities."
Relationship with John F. Kennedy
Sanford is a close political ally of President John F. Kennedy, a fact that disrupts some North Carolina Democrats who suspect Kennedy's Catholicism. According to Kennedy's private secretary, Evelyn Lincoln, Sanford would be Kennedy's choice for vice president on Democratic ticket 1964 if Kennedy lives. In his 1968 book Kennedy and Johnson he reported that Kennedy, telling him that Lyndon B. Johnson would be replaced as Vice President.
Lincoln wrote of it November 19, 1963, a conversation just three days before the Kennedy assassination:
When Mr. Kennedy sat in a rocking chair in my office, his head resting on his back, he placed his left leg on his right knee. He rocked a bit as he spoke. In a low voice, he said to me, 'You know if I am reelected in sixty-four years, I will spend more time making government services a respectable career. I want to adjust the executive and legislative branches of the government so that they can follow the extraordinary steps and progress made in other fields... I will support changing some of the outdated rules and regulations in Congress, such as the rules of seniority. To do this I would need a living companion at the age of sixty-four people who believe like me. "I was fascinated by this conversation and wrote it in my diary, and now I ask, Ã,... 'Who is your choice as a life companion?' He looked straight ahead, and without hesitation he replied, 'Right now I'm thinking about Governor Terry Sanford from North Carolina, but it's not Lyndon.'
In addition, Sanford used its leverage with the White House to expand Research Triangle Park (RTP), which sparked an economic boom in the state, eventually luring IBM and the US Environmental Protection Agency into the Triangle region.
More positions
Sanford is also an opponent of the death penalty. "Many of his statements against the death penalty are so famous that the prisoners in the North Carolina penalty line appoint them in their pardon appeals."
Return to personal career
After his term ended, Sanford opened a law firm. He had agreed to serve as Johnson's campaign manager in 1968 shortly before Johnson's withdrawal on March 31. Sanford then took over as campaign manager for Democratic candidate Hubert Humphrey in the race against Republican Richard Nixon for the presidency.
Johnson wants Humphrey to choose Sanford as his partner. On one occasion, Humphrey's campaign asked Sanford if he wanted to become a vice presidential candidate. Sanford refused, and Humphrey finally chose Senator Edmund Muskie from Maine. Although Sanford received a number of private law and business offerings during the period, he was interested in a position that would allow him to keep his political prospects open.
President Duke University
In 1969, Sanford became president of Duke University, a position he held for 16 years into the future. It helped quell student riots over the Vietnam War at the beginning of his tenure as university president. Overcoming the shootings of the state of Kent in 1970 with tolerance, chose not to call the police to clear the road, leading to protesting students going back to their rooms at night so that the Western Campus could be reopened the next day keeping the campus quiet during the spring turbulent. Shortly before his tenure, on February 13, 1969, 60 members of the Afro-American Society had occupied the main administrative center of Duke, Allen's House, demanding the making of a Black Studies program. After three days of clashing with police, they left the building on February 16 peacefully, when school officials approved the program. During his tenure, Sanford strongly opposed heavy police confrontations and actions that helped ease racial tensions.
Perhaps the greatest controversy of Sanford's presidency was his attempt to establish the library of former president of US President Richard Nixon at Duke. Sanford raised the issue with Nixon during a visit to the former president at Nixon's New York City office on July 28, 1981. Sanford continues to seek Nixon's advice on issues in the following months. The library proposal became public in mid-August, creating a major controversy at the university. Although Sanford enjoys support for his efforts, most faculty oppose the proposal, the biggest concern is that the facility will be a monument to Nixon rather than a study center. Sanford tried to engineer a compromise, but the proposal by the Duke Academic Council of a library was only one-third the size desired by Nixon and their rejection of the Nixon museum to accompany it, eventually making Nixon reject Sanford's offer and put his library. in his hometown, Yorba Linda, California, instead; it was dedicated there in 1990.
Campaign for Democratic presidential nomination
Although Sanford enjoys his time as president of Duke, he still harbors political ambitions. When the 1972 presidential election season began, he was approached by some who felt that the Democratic Party candidate field was weak. He was very interested in challenging Alabama governor George Wallace in an attempt to show that Wallace's segregationist view did not represent the majority of the Southern opinion. Announcing his candidacy on March 8, he faces a long chance on a crowded pitch. Knowing that he can not win a majority of delegates in the primary, he hopes to be safe enough to emerge as a compromise candidate in a deadlocked convention. Even in North Carolina primary, Wallace defeated Sanford with 100,000 votes, and Sanford only managed to finish fifth in the 1972 Democratic National Convention with 77.5 votes, behind George McGovern (1864.95), Henry M. Jackson (525), Wallace (381,7), and Shirley Chisholm (151,95).
Undeterred, Sanford began preparations two years later to run for Democratic presidential candidate in 1976. Announcing his candidacy on June 1, 1975, he conjured up a campaign appearance with his duties as president of Duke. While he developed followers among educators, he did not have a satisfactory campaign theme in the new year. Later, while campaigning in Massachusetts in January, she suffered a sharp pain and was diagnosed with heart disease. On January 25, Sanford withdrew from the preliminary election, the first Democrat to do so that year.
Career Senate
After retiring as president of Duke University in 1985, Sanford remained active in party politics. He made unsuccessful of being chairman of the Democratic National Committee in 1985, where he was supported by future House Speaker Nancy Pelosi. Sanford lost to Paul G. Kirk in a 203-150 vote.
After failing to find the Democrats willing to run for the Senate seat vacated by Republican John P. East, Sanford announced his own nomination for nomination. His opponent is Congressman Jim Broyhill. After the East committed suicide on June 29, 1986, Broyhill was temporarily appointed to the seat on July 3, until special elections could be held on 4 November. Despite being attacked as a liberal, Sanford beat Broyhill by three percentage points in the November election. Critics of Sanford focus primarily on three areas: promoting opportunities for minorities, funding "tax and spending" education, and anti-poverty campaigns. He took office on November 5, a day after a special election, to serve the last two months of East's tenure and a further six-year term.
Sanford found his years in the Senate frustrating. He was concerned about the deficit spending escape from the era, and he pursued economic development for Central America as an alternative to Republican-driven military policy. He leads the Duke-based International Commission for the Restoration and Development of Central America, a task force of scholars and leaders who publish Poverty, Conflict and Hope: A Turning Point in Central America (also known as the Sanford Commission Report since he was "the principal catalyst of commission work") in 1989 with principles to promote peace, democracy and equitable development in Central America. Sanford serves on several Senate committees: Select the Ethics Committee (Chairman); Special Committee for Aging; Budget; Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs including International Finance Subcommittee and Monetary Policy and Subcommittee on Securities; and Foreign Affairs including the Subcommittee on Near Eastern Affairs and South Asia (Chair), the African Subcommittee, and the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere Corps and the Peace Corps. He has a liberal voting record compared to his counterparts from the South Democrats, and he campaigns successfully against a section of the constitutional amendment banning flag-burning with a counter-campaign promoting the US Bill of Rights. However, Sanford considers his achievements in the Senate blanch against those who were governors, and he is seriously considering retiring and pursuing other projects before deciding to run again. The voting footage is consistently more liberal than its predecessor, rated 12% by the American Conservative Union.
Sanford's opponent in the 1992 election was Lauch Faircloth, a former Democrat who became a Republican who was a state highway commissioner in the governorship of Sanford. Enjoying substantial support from Sanford Senate colleague Jesse Helms, Faircloth accused Sanford of being a liberal tax and expenditure that was tied to special interests. While preliminary polls suggest that Sanford has a comfortable edge over his rivals, he lost supporters after surgery for an infected heart valve rendering him uncharted for much of October and raises doubts as to whether he is capable of serving other terms. On 3 November 1992, Faircloth won the election by a margin of 100,000 votes.
Next life
Sanford wrote several books, including: But What About The People? , where he described his efforts during the 1960s to build a quality public education system in North Carolina; The storm in the United States, where it laid a new foundation for state governments and the federal system by recommending "creative federalism"; and Turn Your Enemy: Grow Old with Grace , where he describes actions that will slow down the aging process and rules to prolong a healthy life. He also teaches classes in law and political science at Duke University and campaigns for the construction of a major performing arts center in the Triangle Research area that will provide permanent homes for the American Dance Festival, the North Carolina Symphony and the Carolina Ballet. Sanford practiced law again in his final years and merged his own company with former governor James Holshouser. Holshouser continued to practice with Sanford Holshouser LLP until his death (the company continues under that name), and their economic development consulting firm continues under that name.
The New York Times writer David Stout marks Sanford as a "contradictory politician" and a man who "has no desire".
Sanford announced in late December 1997 that he had been diagnosed with an inoperable esophageal cancer and that his doctor said he had several months to live. After being released from the hospital, his condition slowly deteriorated. He died in his sleep when surrounded by his family at his home in Durham. He is 80 years old. At his funeral, he was voiced by a childhood friend who said Sanford "took an oath of" Scout "when he was twelve years old and kept it.It started, 'For my honor, I will do my best to do my duty to God and my country , and includes such things as' helping others all the time 'He believed that He was an Eternal Scout.' Sanford is buried in the basement of Duke University Chapel.
Legacy
"Sanford is a very interesting extrovert.... The vision of his life is to help people.He has a very big ego.From everyone I know in politics, he has the strongest focus in the government that is there to make life better for people, he's very optimistic. "
Sanford was the main public figure of post-World War II South. He played a key role in the transformation of Southern politics to the New South, especially in the field of race and education relations. In recognition of his efforts in education and in other fields, the Harvard University survey of 1981 named him one of the 10 best governors of the 20th century.
The Federal Building of Terry Sanford and the Courthouse in Raleigh, the state capital, is named Sanford. President Bill Clinton said in a statement issued from an American summit in Santiago, Chile: "His work and influence literally changed the face and future of the South, making him one of America's most influential people in the last 50 years." John Edwards said in Terry Sanford and New South that Sanford was his political hero.
Duke University has since established an undergraduate and graduate school (formerly an institute) in public policy called Sanford School of Public Policy. Fayetteville High School, in Fayetteville, North Carolina, was renamed Terry Sanford High School in his honor in 1968.
See also
- List of North Carolina Governors
- List of Eagle Scouts of America
Quote
References
Further reading
Book selected by Terry Sanford
- Sanford, Terry (1966). But what about the People? . New York, NY: Harper & amp; Line. ISBNÃ, 0-8223-2356-7.
- Sanford, Terry (1967). Storm in America . Rochester, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 0-07-054655-X.
- Sanford, Terry (1981). The Dangers of Democracy: The Process of Presidential Candidacy . Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBNÃ, 0-86531-159-5.
- Sanford, Terry (1996). Turn Your Enemy: Grow Old with Grace . Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers. ISBNÃ, 1-56072-289-4.
External links
- To The Right This Wrong: The North Carolina Fund and the Battle to End Poverty and Inequality in America 1960s
- Greensboro Civil Rights: Terry Sanford
- A Guide to Terry Sanford Papers, 1926-1996, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Duke University.
- Terry Sanford for President 1976 Campaign Brochure
- Oral History Interview with Terry Sanford [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] from Oral Histories of the American South
- Appearance in C-SPAN
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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