Henrietta Disadvantages (born Loretta Pleasant ; August 1, 1920 - October 4, 1951) is an African-American woman whose cancer cells are the source of the HeLa cell line, the cell line is immortalized first and one of the most important cell lines in medical research. The immortalized cell line will reproduce indefinitely under certain conditions, and the HeLa cell line continues to be an invaluable source of medical data to date.
Deficiency was an unconscious source of these cells from biopsied tumors during treatment for cervical cancer at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, in 1951. These cells were later cultured by George Otto Gey who created the cell line known as HeLa, which is still used for medical research. As it happened then, no consent was obtained to civilize his cells, or whether he or his family was compensated for extraction or use.
Lack of growing in rural Virginia. After giving birth to their two children, he married his cousin David "Day" Lacks. In 1941, a young family moved to Turner Station, near Dundalk, Maryland, in Baltimore County, so Day could work at Bethlehem Steel at Sparrows Point. After Lacking had given birth to their fifth child, she was diagnosed with cancer. The tissue samples from the tumor were taken unlicensed during treatment and the sample was then cultured into the HeLa cell line.
Although some information about the origin of the perpetuated lines of HeLL cells was known to researchers after 1970, the Lacks family was unaware of the existence of the line until 1975. With knowledge of the genetic origin of cells becoming public, their use for medical research and for commercial purposes continues to raise concerns about privacy and the rights of patients.
Video Henrietta Lacks
Personal life
Henrietta Lacks was born Loretta Pleasant on August 1, 1920, in Roanoke, Virginia, to Eliza and Johnny Pleasant. His family was not sure how his name changed from Loretta to Henrietta, but he was nicknamed Hennie. When Disadvantages was four years in 1924, her mother died while giving birth to her 10th child. Unable to care for the children alone after the death of his wife, Lacks's father moved the family to Clover, Virginia, where children were distributed among relatives. The deficiency ends with his grandfather, Tommy Lacks, in a two-story log cabin that used to be a slave place on a plantation owned by white great-grandparents and Henrietta's great-great-uncle. She shares a room with her nine-year-old cousin and her future husband, David "Day" Lacks (1915-2002).
Like most of his family members living in Clover, Lack of working as a tobacco farmer from an early age. In 1935, when Deficiency was 14 years old, she gave birth to a son, Lawrence Lacks. In 1939, his daughter Elsie Lacks (1939-1955) was born. Both are father's children of the Day of Defeat. Elsie Lack has a developmental defect and is described by the family as "different" or "deaf and dumb".
On April 10, 1941, Hari and Henrietta Disappeared married in Halifax County, Virginia. Later that year, their cousin, Fred Garrett, convinced the couple to leave the tobacco farm in Virginia and move to Maryland where Day Lacks could work at Bethlehem Steel at Sparrow's Point. Not long after they moved to Maryland, Garrett was called in to fight in World War II. With the savings given to him by Garrett, Day Lacks can buy a house at 713 New Pittsburgh Avenue at Turner Station. Now part of Dundalk, Turner Station is one of the oldest and largest African-American communities in Baltimore County at that time.
Living in Maryland, Henrietta and Day Lacks have three more children: David "Sonny" Lacks Jr. (born 1947), Deborah Lacks Pullum (born Deborah Lacks, 1949-2009), and Joseph Lacks (1950). Henrietta gave birth to her last child at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore in November 1950, four and a half months before she was diagnosed with cervical cancer. Around the same time, Elsie Lacks (Henrietta and daughter Day born in 1939), was placed in Insane Negro Hospital, later renamed the Crownsville Hospital Center, where Elsie died in 1955 at the age of 15.
Maps Henrietta Lacks
Disease
Diagnosis and treatment
On January 29, 1951, Disadvantages went to Johns Hopkins, the only hospital in the area that treated black patients, because he felt a "knot" in his womb. She had earlier told her cousins ​​about "knot" and they assumed correctly that she was pregnant. But after delivery, Deficiency has severe bleeding. Her primary care physician tests her for syphilis, which returns negatively, and refers back to Johns Hopkins. There, his physician, Howard W. Jones, took a biopsy from a mass in Lilis's cervix for laboratory testing. Shortly thereafter, Shortcomings were told that he had a malignant epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix. In 1970, doctors discovered that he had been misdiagnosed and actually had adenocarcinoma. This is a common mistake at the time and the treatment will not be different.
The deficiency was treated with insertion of the radium tube as an inpatient and discharged a few days later with instructions to return for X-ray treatment as a follow-up. During her treatment, two samples were taken from Lilis's cervix without her permission or her knowledge; one sample is healthy tissue and the other is cancer. These samples were given to George Otto Gey, a doctor and cancer researcher at Johns Hopkins. Cells from cancer samples are finally known as HeLa immortal cell lines, cell lines commonly used in contemporary biomedical research.
Death and burial
On August 8, 1951, Lacks, aged 31, went to Johns Hopkins for a routine care session and was asked to be treated for severe stomach pain. She received a blood transfusion and remained in hospital until her death on October 4, 1951. A partial autopsy showed that the cancer had spread throughout her body.
Lack of burial in unmarked grave at family funeral at a place called Lackstown in Halifax County, Virginia. Lackstown is the name given to the land of Clover, Virginia, which was originally owned by a Lackstown family member who owns land and slaves who have slaves before the Civil War. Generation then gave land to many black members of the Lack family who were descendants of African slaves and their white owners.
Unclear burial sites are unknown, but the family believes this place is within a few meters of his mother's grave site, which for decades is the only one in the family that has been marked with headstones. In 2010, Roland Pattillo, a lecturer at Morehouse School of Medicine who worked with George Gey and learned of the Lacks family, donated a headstone for Lacks. It encourages his family to raise money for the tombstone for Elsie Lacks as well, which is dedicated on the same day. The headstone of Henrietta Disadvantages is shaped like a book and contains a tombstone written by his grandson that reads:
Medical and scientific research
George Otto Gey, the first researcher on Lacks cancer cells, observed that the cells are unique because they are reproduced at very high levels and can stay alive long enough to allow for more in-depth examination. Until then, the cells cultivated for laboratory research only lasted for several days, which were not long enough to perform different tests on the same sample. The lack of cells is the first to be observed that can be divided several times without dying, which is why they are known as "immortals". After Lack's death, Gey ordered Mary Kubicek, his lab assistant, to take a further HeLa sample while Henrietta's body was at the Johns Hopkins autopsy facility. The roller-tube technique is a method used to culture cells obtained from samples collected by Kubicek. Gey was able to start a cell line from a Lacks sample by isolating a particular cell and repeatedly dividing it, meaning that the same cell could then be used to perform many experiments. They are known as HeLa cells, because Gey's standard method for labeling examples is to use the first two letters of the patient's first and last name.
The ability to reproduce HeLa cells quickly in laboratory settings has led to many important breakthroughs in biomedical research. For example, in 1954, Jonas Salk used HeLa cells in his research to develop a polio vaccine. To test its new vaccine, the cells are mass-produced in a cell production plant the first time. In addition, Chester M. Southam, a prominent virologist, injected HeLa cells into cancer patients, prisoners, and healthy individuals to see if the cancer could be transmitted and to check if a person could become immune to cancer by developing acquired immunity. response.
HeLa cells are in high demand and put into mass production. They are sent to scientists around the world for "cancer research, AIDS, radiation effects and toxic substances, gene mapping, and many other scientific activities". The HeLa cell was the first human cell to have been cloned in 1955, and has since been used to test human sensitivity to tape, glue, cosmetics, and many other products. Since the 1950s, scientists have planted 20 tons of cells, and there are nearly 11,000 patents involving HeLa cells.
In the early 1970s, most other cell cultures were contaminated by HeLa cells. As a result, Henrietta Lacks family members received an appeal for blood samples from researchers hoping to learn about family genetics to differentiate between HeLa cells and other cell lines.
Worried and confused, several family members began to question why they received so many phone calls asking for blood samples. In 1975, the family also learned through a dinner party conversation opportunity that material from Henrietta Lacks continued to be used for medical research. The family never discussed Henrietta's disease and deaths among themselves in subsequent years but with increasing curiosity about their mother and genetics, they are now beginning to ask questions.
Approval issues and privacy issues
Both Henrietta Disadvantages and his family gave his doctor permission to harvest his cells. At that time, permission is not required or customarily sought. The cells are used in medical research and for commercial purposes. In the 1980s, family medical records were published without family consent. Similar problems also arise in the case of Supreme Court of California Moore v. Regents of the University of California in 1990. The court ruled that the networks and cells that someone discarded did not belong to them and could be commercialized.
In March 2013, the researchers published a sequence of genome DNA from the HeLa cell strain. The Lacks family found this when author Rebecca Skloot told them. There are objections from the family Disadvantages of genetic information available for public access. Jeri Lacks Whye, grandson of Henrietta Lacks, said to The New York Times, "the biggest concern is privacy - what information will actually be out there about our grandmother, and what information they can get from the order of which will tell them about their children and grandchildren and follow the line ". In the same year another group working on the genome of the different HeLa lines under the National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding handed it to publication. In August 2013, an agreement was announced between the family and the NIH which gave the family control over access to the DNA sequence cells found in two studies along with a promise of recognition in a scientific paper. In addition, two family members will join a six member committee that will manage access to sequence data.
Recognition
In 1996, Morehouse School of Medicine held its first annual HeLa Women Health Conference. Led by physician Roland Pattillo, the conference was held to give recognition to Henrietta Disadvantages, her cell line, and "the valuable contributions made by African Americans to medical research and clinical practice". The Mayor of Atlanta announced the date of the first conference, October 11, 1996, "Henrietta Lacks Day".
Lacks contributions continue to be celebrated at the annual event at Turner Station. At one such event in 1997, then-US. Congressman from Maryland, Robert Ehrlich, presented a congressional resolution recognizing his shortcomings and contributions to medical science and research.
In 2010, the Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translation Research established the annual Henrietta Lacks Memorial Lecture Series in honor of Henrietta Lacks and the global impact of HeLa cells on drugs and research.
In 2011, Morgan State University in Baltimore awarded Lacks honorary posthumous doctorate in public service. Also in 2011, the Evergreen School District in Vancouver, Washington, named their new high school focusing on the medical career of Henrietta Lacks Health and Bioscience High School, becoming the first organization to capture it publicly by naming the school in her honor.
In 2014, Deficiency was set up in the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame. In 2017, a small planet in the main asteroid belt was named "359426 Defeat" to honor it.
In 2018, the New York Times published an obituary that was too late for him as part of the Forgotten history project. Also in 2018, the National Portrait Gallery and the National Museum of African-American History and Culture jointly announce the accession portrait of Disadvantages by Kadir Nelson.
In popular culture
The question of how and whether his race affected his treatment, his lack of approval, and his relative obscurity, continues to be controversial.
The HeLa cell connection to Henrietta Lacks was first brought to popular attention in March 1976 with a pair of articles in Detroit Free Press and Rolling Stone written by reporter Michael Rogers. In 1998, Adam Curtis directed a BBC documentary about Henrietta Lacks entitled The Way of All Flesh .
Rebecca Skloot documented the long history of the HeLa cell line and the Disadvantages family in two articles published in 2000 and 2001 and in his book The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks .
HBO announced in 2010 that Oprah Winfrey and Alan Ball are developing a film project based on Skloot's book, and by 2016 filming begins. with Winfrey in the lead role of Deborah Lacks, Henrietta's daughter. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks movie was released in 2017, with Renà ©  © e Elise Goldsberry describing Disadvantages.
NBC's Law & amp; The Order shows its own fictional version of the Lacks story in the 2010 episode "Immortal," which Slate is referred to as "very close to the true story" and Jello Biafra and Guantanamo School of Medicine and Yeasayer released a song about Henrietta Lacks and his legacy.
Disadvantaged family members write their own stories for the first time in 2013 when Lacks' oldest son and his wife, Lawrence and Bobbette Lacks, write a short digital memoir called "Hela Family Stories: Lawrence and Bobbette" with their first-hand accounts of Henrietta's memories. he is alive and from their own efforts to keep the youngest children out of the unsafe environment after their mother's death.
The HeLa Project, a multimedia exhibition in honor of Lacks, opened in 2017 in Baltimore at Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland American & African History Culture. This includes portraits by Kadir Nelson and a poem by Saul Williams.
See also
- List of contaminated cell lines
Note
References
Further reading
External links
- The Henrietta Lacks Foundation, a foundation established to assist, among other things, provide scholarships and health insurance for the Henrietta Lacks family.
- "Tumor Henrietta", RadioLab segment featuring Deborah Disadvantages and Skloot's interview audio with her, and the original recording of the scene from the book.
- "The Immortal Henrietta Lacks", February 2010 CBS Sunday Morning segment featuring Disadvantaged Families, February 2010
- "Henrietta Everlasting: The 1950s Cells Still Alive, Helping Science", Wired Magazine 2010 articles with the HeLa contribution timeline for science
- E. Fannie Granton and Ronald E. Kisner, "Family Talks on Dead Mother Whose Cells Against Cancer", Jet Magazine (Vol. 50, No. 2), April 1, 1976
- "25 Years after Death, Live Black Cells for Cancer Study", Jet Magazine , April 1, 1976
- Henrietta Disadvantages of Finding the Tomb
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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