Sponsored Links
-->

Minggu, 01 Juli 2018

Kidney Cancer Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
src: img.webmd.com

Kidney cancer , also known as kidney cancer , is a type of cancer that begins in cells in the kidneys.

The two most common types of kidney cancer are renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) (also known as urothelial cell carcinoma) of the renal pelvis. These names reflect the type of cells from which cancer develops.

Different types of kidney cancer (such as RCC and TCC) develop in different ways, meaning that the disease has different long-term outcomes, and needs to be staged and treated in different ways. The RCC is responsible for about 80% of primary renal cancers, and TCC is the majority of the rest.

Overall the five-year survival rate in the United States is 73%. For cancer that is limited to the kidney, the five-year survival rate is 92%, if it has spread to surrounding lymph nodes it is 65%, and if it has spread, it is 12%.


Video Kidney cancer



Signs and symptoms

The most common signs and symptoms of kidney cancer are stomach and/or blood in the urine (or haematuria). Other symptoms may include fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, high temperature and severe sweating, and persistent pain in the abdomen. However, many of these symptoms can be caused by other conditions, and there may also be no signs or symptoms in a person with kidney cancer, especially in the early stages of the disease.

Maps Kidney cancer



Cause

Factors that increase the risk of kidney cancer include smoking, which can double the risk of disease; regular use of NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen, which may increase the risk by 51% or not; obesity; wrong genes; family history of kidney cancer; suffering from kidney disease that needs dialysis; infected with hepatitis C; and previous treatments for testicular cancer or cervical cancer.

There are also other possible risk factors such as kidney stones and high blood pressure, which are being investigated.

Kidney Tumor Removal| Kidney Cancer| Laparoscopic surgery - YouTube
src: i.ytimg.com


Pathophysiology

Kidney cancer originates from the kidneys at two main locations: kidney tubules and renal pelvis. Most cancers in the renal tubules are renal cell carcinoma and clear cell adenocarcinoma. Most cancers in the renal pelvis are transitional cell carcinomas.

Current Therapeutics of Kidney Cancer: Landmark Trials | MaryO'Medical
src: maryomedical.files.wordpress.com


Diagnosis

Type

In addition to renal cell carcinoma and renal pelvic carcinoma, other less common types of kidney cancer include:

  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Juxtaglomerular cell tumor (reninoma)
  • Angiomyolipoma
  • Bellini ductal carcinoma
  • Clear cell sarcoma in the kidneys
  • Mesoblastic nephroma
  • Wilms tumor, usually reported in children under 5 years of age.
  • Epithelial stromal tumor
  • tumor

Rarely, some other types of cancers and more potentially cancerous cancers usually come from elsewhere can come from the kidneys. These include:

  • Clean cell adenocarcinoma
  • Transitional cell carcinoma
  • Reverse papilloma
  • Renal lymphoma
  • Teratoma
  • Carcinosarcoma
  • Carcinoid tumors in the renal pelvis

Cancer in the kidneys may also be secondary, the result of metastasis from primary cancer elsewhere in the body.

Stages

For stage 4 kidney cancer, the most common sites of renal cancer metastasis are lung, bone, liver, brain, and distant lymph nodes.

Kidney Cancer - DiseasesAndConditions.net
src: diseasesandconditions.net


Treatment

Treatment for kidney cancer depends on the type and stage of the disease. Surgery is the most common treatment because kidney cancer does not often respond to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgical complications can be estimated with the RENAL Nefrometry Assessment System. If the cancer has not spread then it will usually be removed by surgery. In some cases this involves removal of the entire kidney but most of the tumors agree to partially remove to eradicate the tumor and retain the remaining normal parts of the kidney. Surgery is not always possible - for example the patient may have other medical conditions that prevent it, or the cancer may have spread throughout the body and the doctor may not be able to remove it. There is currently no evidence that full-body medical therapy after surgery in which no known residual disease, adjuvant therapy, helps improve survival in kidney cancer. If cancer can not be treated surgically, other techniques such as tumor freezing or treating it with high temperatures can be used. However this has not been used as a standard treatment for kidney cancer.

Other treatment options include biological therapies such as everolimus, torisel, nexavar, sutent, and axitinib, the use of immunotherapy including interferon and interleukin-2. Immunotherapy works in 10 to 15% of people. Sunitinib is the current standard of care in an adjuvant setting together with pazopanib; this treatment is often followed by everolimus, axitinib, and sorafenib. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are also in trials for kidney cancer, and some have been approved for medical use.

In the second path arrangement, nivolumab showed overall survival advantage in clearer kidney cell carcinoma more clearly than everolymus in 2015 and approved by the FDA. Cabozantinib also shows an overall survival benefit of more than everolimus and is approved by the FDA as second-line treatment by 2016. Lenvatinib in combination with everolimus is approved in 2016 for patients who have had exactly one line of previous angiogenic therapies.

In Wilms tumor, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery are acceptable treatments, depending on the stage of the disease when diagnosed.

Children

The majority of kidney cancers reported in children are Wilms tumors. These tumors can begin to grow when the fetus is still developing in the womb, and may not cause problems until the child is several years old. Wilms tumors are most common in children under 5 years of age, but rarely can be diagnosed in older children or in adults. It remains unclear what caused most of Wilms' tumors. The most common symptoms are swelling of the stomach and blood in the urine.

Renal Cell Cancer: Treatment, Complications, Prognosis
src: www.epainassist.com


Epidemiology

Approximately 208,500 new cases of kidney cancer are diagnosed in the world each year, accounting for just under 2% of all cancers. The highest rates are recorded in North America and the lowest rates in Asia and Africa.

United States

The US NIH estimate for 2013 is about 64,770 new cases of kidney cancer and 13,570 deaths from the disease.

The incidence of kidney cancer is also increasing in the United States. This is considered a marked improvement, not just because of the change in the way disease diagnosis is.

Europe

The latest estimates of the incidence of kidney cancer show that there are 63,300 new cases each year in EU25. In Europe, kidney cancer accounts for nearly 3% of all cancer cases.

United Kingdom

Kidney cancer is the eighth most common cancer in the UK (about 10,100 people diagnosed with the disease in 2011), and it is the most common cause of fourteen cancer deaths (about 4,300 people died in 2012).

Kidney Cancer Awareness Ribbon Royalty Free Cliparts, Vectors, And ...
src: previews.123rf.com


See also

  • Hemihipertropfi
  • British Kidney Cancer
  • Oncophage
  • The urogenital neoplasm
  • Deadline for kidney cancer

da Vinci Surgery Patient Education - Kidney Cancer - YouTube
src: i.ytimg.com


References


Kidney Cancer Illness Disease and Symptoms | My Health Concern
src: myhealthconcern.com


External links


  • "US NIH - Kanker Ginjal dan Renal Pelvis - Statistik".

Source of the article : Wikipedia

Comments
0 Comments