Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with cancer prevention, diagnosis and treatment. A medical professional practicing oncology is an oncologist . . The etymological origin of his name is the Greek word ????? ( ÃÆ'³nkos ), meaning "tumor", "volume" or "mass" and the word ????? ( logo ), which means "learning".
The three components that have improved cancer survival are:
- Prevention - by reducing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol consumption
- Early diagnosis - general cancer screening and comprehensive diagnosis and staging
- Treatment - multimodality management with discussions on tumor board and treatment at comprehensive cancer center
Cancer is often managed through discussions at multi-disciplinary cancer conferences in which medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, and certain oncologists meet to find the best management for individual patients who consider physical, social, psychological , emotional, and financial status of patients. It is important for oncologists to keep updating in connection with recent advances in oncology, since changes in cancer management are quite common. All eligible patients in whom the cancer develops, and for whom no standard of care care options are available should be enrolled in clinical trials.
Video Oncology
Risk factors
- Tobacco
- The main causes of cancer, and deaths from cancer. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of lung, laryngeal, mouth, esophageal, throat, bladder, kidney, liver, stomach, pancreatic, colon, rectal, cervical and acute myeloid leukemia. Tobacco without smoke (tobacco or chewing tobacco) is associated with an increased risk of cancer of the mouth, esophagus, and pancreas.
- Alcohol
- May increase the risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx, liver, and breast. The risk of cancer is much higher for those who drink alcohol and also use tobacco.
- Obesity
- Obese individuals have an increased risk of breast balloon, colon, rectum, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder.
- Age
- Old age is a risk factor for many cancers. The average age of cancer diagnosis is 66 years.
Maps Oncology
Screening
Screening is recommended for breast, cervix, colon and lung cancers.
Symptoms
Symptoms usually depend on the site and type of cancer.
- Breast cancer
- Lumps in the breast and axillae associated with or without ulceration or nipple nipple.
- Endometrial cancer
- Bleeding per vagina.
- Cervical Cancer
- Bleeding after intercourse.
- Ovarian cancer
- Nonspecific symptoms such as abdominal distension, dyspepsia.
- Lung cancer
- Persistent cough, shortness of breath, blood in sputum, hoarseness of voice.
- Head and neck cancer
- Non-healing or growth ulcers, lumps in the neck.
- Brain cancer
- Continuous headache, vomiting, loss of consciousness, double vision.
- Thyroid cancer
- A lump in the neck.
- Esophageal cancer
- Swallowing the painful especially with solid foods, weight loss.
- Stomach cancer
- Vomiting, dyspepsia, weight loss.
- Colon & amp; rectal cancer
- Bleeding per rectum, changes in bowel habits.
- Liver cancer
- Jaundice, pain and mass in the upper right abdomen.
- Pancreatic cancer
- Weight, jaundice.
- Skin cancer
- Non-healing or growth ulcers, moles with a sudden increase in irregular size or border, induration, or pain.
- Kidney cancer
- Blood in the urine, abdominal bumps.
- Cancer of the bladder
- Blood in the urine.
- Prostate cancer
- Urgency, doubt and frequency during urination, bone pain.
- Testicular cancer
- Testicular swelling, back pain, dyspnoea.
- Bone cancer
- Pain and bone swelling.
- Lymphoma
- Fever, weight loss of more than 10% of body weight in the previous 6 months and wet night sweats that are symptoms of B, lumps in the neck, axillae or groin.
- Blood cancer
- Manifestations of bleeding include bleeding gums, bleeding from the nose, blood in vomit, blood in sputum, blood-stained urine, black stools, fever, lumps in the neck, axillae, or groin, lumps in the upper abdomen.
Diagnosis and staging
Diagnostic and staging investigations depend on the location and type of malignancy.
Blood cancer
Blood investigations include hemoglobin, total leukocyte count, platelet count, peripheral smear, red blood cell index.
Bone marrow studies include aspiration, Flow-cytometry, Cytogenetics, Fluorescent in situ hybridization and molecular studies.
Lymphoma
Lymph node excision biopsy for Histopathology Examination (HPE), Immuno-histochemistry (IHC) and molecular studies.
Blood supplementation includes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Uric Acid Serum, Kidney Function.
Tes pencitraan seperti Computerized Tomography (CT), Positron emission tomography (PET CT).
Bone marrow biopsy.
Solid tumor
Biopsy for histopathology & amp; IHC.
Tes pencitraan seperti Roentgenogram (X-ray), Ultrasonografi, Computerized tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) dan PET CT.
Endoscopy including Naso-Pharyngoscopy, Direct & amp; Indirect Laringoscopy, Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Colonoscopy, Cystoscopy.
The tumor markers include alphafetoprotein (AFP), Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG), Carcinoembionic Antigen (CEA), CA 125, prostate specific antigen (PSA).
Treatment
Treatment depends on the site and type of cancer.
Solid tumor
- Breast cancer
- Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted therapy (Her 2 neu inhibitors).
- Cervical Cancer Treatment options include radiation, surgery and chemotherapy
- Endometrial cancer
- Treatment options include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
- Ovarian cancer
- Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy (VEGF inhibitors).
- Lung cancer
- Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy (EGFR & ALK inhibitors).
- Head & amp; Cancer of the Neck
- Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy (EGFR inhibitor).
- Brain cancer
- Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy (VEGF inhibitors).
- Thyroid cancer
- Treatment options include surgery and radioactive iodine.
- Cancer of the esophagus
- Treatment options include radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery.
- Stomach cancer
- Treatment options include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, and targeted therapy (Her 2 neu inhibitors).
- Colon cancer
- Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy (EGFR & VEGF inhibitors).
- Rectal cancer
- Care options include chemotherapy, radiation, surgery.
- Liver cancer
- Treatment options include surgery, Trans-arterial chemotherapy (TACE), Abalone Radio Frequency (RFA), and multi-kinase (Sorafenib).
- Pancreatic cancer
- Treatment options include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
- Skin cancer Treatment options include surgery, radiation, targeted therapy (BRAF & MEK inhibitors), Immunotherapy (CTLA 4 & amp; PD 1 inhibitor, and chemotherapy.) Kidney cancer
- Treatment options include surgery, multi-kinase inhibitor, and targeted therapy (mTOR & VEGF inhibitors).
- Cancer of the bladder
- Treatment options include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
- Prostate cancer
- Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, anti-androgen, and immunotherapy.
- Testicular cancer
- Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
- Bone cancer
- Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
Lymphoma
These include Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL):
- Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)
- Chemotherapy with ABVD or BEACOPP regimens and Field radiation therapy Involved (IFRT).
- Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL)
- Chemo-immunotherapy (R-CHOP) for B-cell lymphoma, and chemotherapy (CHOP) for T-cell lymphoma
Blood cancer
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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