Medical marijuana research includes any medical research on the use of cannabis as a treatment for any medical condition. For reasons including an increase in popular support for the use of cannabis, the trend of cannabis legalization, and the perception of medical utility, more scientists are conducting medical marijuana research. Medical marijuana is extensive as a treatment for a variety of conditions, each of which has its own research. Similarly, different countries conduct and respond to medical marijuana research in different ways.
Video Medical cannabis research
Ethics
The use of marijuana as a medical treatment has risen globally since 2008 for various reasons including an increase in popular support for the legalization of cannabis and an increased incidence of chronic pain among patients. While the use of medical marijuana is increasing, there are major social and legal barriers that cause cannabis research to run more slowly and differ from standard medical research. The reasons why marijuana is unusual as a treatment include that it is not a patented drug owned by the pharmaceutical industry, and that its legal status as a medical treatment is unclear even where it is legal to use, and that the usage of marijuana takes it beyond the typical medical care norm. The ethics surrounding marijuana research are in a state of rapid change.
Maps Medical cannabis research
Research by region
United States
Research on the medical benefits of marijuana has been obstructed by various federal regulations, including the classification of Schedule I. To conduct research on marijuana, approval must be obtained from the Food and Drug Administration, and licenses must be obtained from the Drug Enforcement Administration specific to Schedule I medicines. has 30 days to respond to the proposal, while the DEA license may take a year to complete. Prior to June 2015, cannabis research also required approval from the US Public Health Service. The PHS review was not conducted for other Schedule I medications, and no deadline was enacted.
In addition to the FDA and DEA (and former PHS) requirements, the National Institute for Drug Abuse should review and approve all marijuana research. NIDA is the only source licensed by the federal government for the planting and supply of cannabis, and NIDA will not provide marijuana without first approving the study. The monopoly administered by the DEA is not available for other Schedule I medicines, and no deadline is set for NIDA review. The quality and potency of marijuana provided by NIDA has also been questioned by several researchers.
As a result of the requirements already in force in the US, research involving marijuana has been delayed for years in some cases, and a number of medical organizations have requested federal policies to be reformed.
The 2016 review assesses current status and prospects for development of CBD and CBD-dominant preparations for medical uses in the United States, examining neuroprotective, antiepileptic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and antiinflammatory properties.
In April 2018, after 5 years of research, Sanjay Gupta supports medical marijuana for conditions such as epilepsy and multiple sclerosis. He believes that medical marijuana is safer than opioids for pain management.
Research by medical condition
Cancer
Cannabinoids have been shown to exhibit some anti-cancer effects in laboratory experiments, although there is little research that they use as cancer treatment in humans. Laboratory experiments show that cannabis and cannabinoids have anti-cancer and antitumor effects, including potential effects on breast and lung cancer cells. The National Cancer Institute reports that in November 2013 there were no clinical trials of marijuana use to treat cancer in humans, and only one small study used delta-9-THC that reported potential antitumoral activity. While marijuana may have the potential for cancer pain that is difficult to cure, used as an antiemetic, and as an antitumor agent, much of the evidence comes from outdated or small studies, or animal experiments.
Despite ongoing research, claims that cannabis has been shown to cure cancer, according to Cancer Research UK, are both prevalent on the internet and "very misleading".
There is no good evidence that cannabis use helps reduce the risk of getting cancer. Whether smoking marijuana increases cancer risk is generally difficult to establish because it is often smoked mixed with known tobacco - carcinogens - and this complicates research. The use of marijuana is associated with an increased risk of testicular cancer.
The association of cannabis use with carcinoma of the head and neck may differ according to the location of the tumor, with prokemikogenik and possible effects of kanabinoid. Additional work is needed to rule out various sources of bias, obscure and misclassified cannabis exposure.
Dementia
Cannabinoids have been proposed to have the potential to reduce the effects of Alzheimer's disease. A 2012 review of the effects of kanabinoids on brain aging found that "clinical evidence of their efficacy as a therapeutic tool can not be inferred or is still missing". The Cochrane Review of 2009 says that "a small randomized controlled trial that assesses the efficacy of cannabinoids in the treatment of dementia... [... poorly presented results and does not provide sufficient data to draw useful conclusions".
Diabetes
There is growing evidence that cannabidiol may help slow cell damage in type 1 diabetes mellitus. There is a lack of meaningful evidence of the effects of medical marijuana use in diabetics; the 2010 review concludes that "the potential risks and benefits for diabetic patients remain uninhabited at the moment".
Epilepsy
A 2016 review in the New England Journal of Medicine says that despite the many hype and anecdotes surrounding medical cannabis and epilepsy, "recent data from research on humans is very limited, and no conclusions can be drawn". The mechanism by which marijuana may be effective in the treatment of epilepsy remains unclear.
Some of the reasons for the lack of clinical research are the introduction of new and more stable anticonvulsant and synthetic drugs, the recognition of adverse side effects, and legal restrictions for the use of cannabis-derived drugs - although in December 2015, the DEA (UK) United Drug Enforcement Administration) some regulatory requirements for conducting FDA-approved clinical trials on cannabidiol (CBD).
Epidiolex, a marijuana-based product developed by GW Pharmaceuticals for experimental treatment of epilepsy, underwent a second-stage trial in the US in 2014.
A 2017 study found that cannabidiol lowered seizure levels in those with Dravet syndrome but increased sleepiness and problems with the liver.
Glaucoma
In 2009, the American Glaucoma Society notes that although marijuana can help lower intraocular pressure, marijuana recommends its use because of "short side effects and short duration of action, coupled with a lack of evidence that its use alters the course of glaucoma". In 2008 relatively little research has been done regarding the therapeutic effect of cannabinoids in the eye.
Tourette's Syndrome
A 2007 review of a medical cannabis history says cannabinoids demonstrate potential therapeutic value in treating Tourette (TS) syndrome. A 2005 review said that controlled studies to treat TS with dronabinol showed that patients taking the pill had a favorable response without serious side effects; a 2000 review said other research suggests that cannabis "has no effect on tics and increases individual inner tension".
The 2009 Cochrane Review tested two controlled trials to date using cannabinoids from any type of preparation for tics or TS treatment (Muller-Vahl 2002, and Muller-Vahl 2003). Both trials compare delta-9-THC; 28 patients were included in two studies (8 individuals participated in both studies). Both studies reported positive effects on tics, but "increased tic frequency and severity were small and only detected by multiple outcome measures". Small sample sizes and high number of individuals did not get out of research or were excluded. The original Muller-Vahl study reported individuals who remained in the study; the patient may drop out when the side effects are too high or the efficacy is unclear. The authors of the original study acknowledged some significant results after Bonferroni correction.
Canabinoid drugs may be useful in the treatment of symptoms in patients with TS, but a 2009 review found that two relevant studies of cannibaloid in treating tics have erosion bias, and that there is "insufficient evidence to support the use of cannabinoids in treating tics and obsessive compulsive behavior in people with Tourette's syndrome ".
Other conditions
Anecdotal evidence and pre-clinical research suggest that cannabinoids or cannabis may be useful for treating Huntington's disease or Parkinson's disease, but continued research in people with this condition has not produced good evidence of therapeutic potential. A 2001 paper argued that marijuana has properties that make it potentially applicable to the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and on that basis research on this topic should be permitted, despite the legal difficulties of the day.
The 2005 review and meta-analysis says that bipolar disorder is not well controlled by existing drugs and that there is "a good pharmacological reason" to think pot has a therapeutic potential, making it a good candidate for further research.
Cannabinoids have been proposed for the treatment of primary anorexia nervosa, but have no measurable beneficial effects. The authors of a 2003 paper argue that cannabinoids may have future clinical applications that are useful in treating gastrointestinal diseases. Laboratory experiments have shown that cannabinoids found in cannabis may have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.
In 2014, the American Academy of Neurology reviews all available findings that utilize marijuana use to treat brain diseases. The result is that the scientific evidence is weak that marijuana in any form serves as a remedy to cure or reduce neurological disorders. To ease the stiffness of multiple sclerosis patients, which can be done by taking marijuana extract through the mouth or as a spray, there is support. The Academy has published new guidelines on the use of cannabis pills and sprays in the treatment of MS.
Cannabis is being investigated for possible use in inflammatory bowel diseases but by 2014 there is only weak evidence for its benefits as a treatment.
A 2007 review says cannabidiol has shown the potential to relieve seizures, inflammation, cough, congestion and nausea, and to inhibit cancer cell growth. Preliminary studies also show potential for psychiatric conditions such as anxiety, depression, and psychosis. Because cannabidiol relieves the above-mentioned symptoms, cannabis strains with high CBD amounts may be beneficial for people with multiple sclerosis or frequent anxiety attacks.
References
External links
- Lambert Center for Cannabis & Medicinal Studies Hemp, Thomas Jefferson University research institute
- Medical Ganja Research Center, a research institute at the University of California, San Diego
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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