Edward Moore " Ted " Kennedy (February 22, 1932 - August 25, 2009) is an American politician who served in the United States Senate from Massachusetts for almost 47, from 1962 until his death in 2009. A Democrat, he was the second most senior member of the Senate when he died and was the fourth senator to continue serving in the history of the United States. For years, Ted Kennedy was the most prominent member of the Kennedy family; he is also the last surviving, longest, and youngest son of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Kennedy. He is the youngest brother of John F. Kennedy - 35th President of the United States - and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, both murder victims, and the father of Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy.
Ted Kennedy was 30 when he first entered the Senate after the November 1962 special election in Massachusetts to fill an empty seat previously held by his brother, John, who served as president. He was elected for a full six year term in 1964 and then re-elected seven more times. The Chappaquiddick incident in 1969 resulted in the death of his passenger car, Mary Jo Kopechne. Kennedy pleaded guilty to the charge of leaving the crash site and then received a two-month probation. The incident and consequently hampered his chances of becoming president. His only attempt, in the 1980 elections, resulted in the defeat of the Democratic primary campaign to succeed President Jimmy Carter, who was later defeated in an election by Republican opponent Ronald Reagan.
Kennedy is known for his skills in the field of oratoris. His 1968 speech to his brother Robert and his call in 1980 for modern American liberalism were among his most famous speeches. He is known as the "Senate Lion" through his long tenure and influence. Kennedy and his staff wrote over 300 laws passed into law. Unashamedly liberal, Kennedy championed an interventionist government that emphasized economic and social justice, but he was also known to work with Republicans to find compromise among senators with different views. Thus, Kennedy played a leading role in passing many laws, including the 1965 Immigration and Citizenship Act, National Cancer Act of 1971, the provision of COBRA health insurance, the 1986 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act, the United States with Disabilities Act of 1990, The White Rides AIDS Treaty Ryan, the 1991 Civil Rights Act, the Mental Health Parity Act, the S-CHIP children's health program, the No Child Left Behind Act, and the Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act. During the 2000s, he led several failed immigration reform efforts. During his Senate career and into the administration of Barack Obama, Kennedy continued his efforts to impose universal health care, which he described as "the cause of my life."
In the last years of his life, Kennedy has been seen as the main character and spokesman for American progressivism. In 2008, Kennedy was hospitalized after suffering a seizure and was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor, which limited his appearance in the Senate. He died of illness at the age of 77 on August 25, 2009, at Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts.
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Edward Moore Kennedy was born on February 22, 1932, at St. Margaret in the Dorchester section of Boston, Massachusetts. She is the last of nine children of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald, a member of the Irish-American leading family in Boston who is one of the richest families in the country after they join. His eight half brothers are Joseph Jr., John, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, and Jean. John was asked to be a newborn godfather, whose parents' requests were respected, though they disagreed with his request to name the baby George Washington Kennedy (newborn born on the 200th anniversary of President George Washington) instead of naming him after their father's assistant.
As a child, Ted often collapsed when his family moved between Bronxville, New York, Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, Palm Beach, Florida, and St. James in London, England. His formal education starts at Gibbs School, at Sloane Street, Kensington, London. She has attended ten different schools at the age of eleven, with her educational suffering as a result. Ted is an altar boy in St. Joseph and received First Communion from Pope Pius XII at the Vatican at the age of seven. Ted spent six and seven years at Fessenden School, where he was an average student, and eighth grade at Cranwell Preparatory School; both schools are located in Massachusetts. Ted is the youngest child and his parents love him very much, but they also compare him with his older brothers.
Between the ages of eight and sixteen, Ted experienced the trauma of a failed Rosemary lobotomy and the death of Joseph Jr. in World War II and Kathleen in an airplane crash. Grandfather of Ted's friendly mother, John F. "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald, is Boston's mayor, a congressman, and early political and personal influences. Ted spent his four years of high school at Milton Academy, a preparatory school in Milton, Massachusetts, where he received grades B and C and was ranked 36th in the 56th grade when he graduated in 1950. Ted played well in high school there, played at university for the past two years; the headmaster then describes his game as: "absolutely no fear... he will handle an express train to New York if you ask... he likes contact sports". He also plays in tennis teams and in dramas, debates, and excited clubs.
Maps Ted Kennedy
College sponsorship college, military service, and law school
Like his father and his brothers before him, Ted attended and graduated from Harvard College, though not without controversy. In the spring semester, he was assigned to an athlete-oriented Winthrop House, where his siblings also lived. He is an offensive and defensive team in the new football team; The game is marked by its large size and style without fear. In the first semester, Kennedy and his classmates arranged to copy answers from other students during the final exam for the science class. At the end of the second semester of May 1951, Kennedy was keen to maintain his athletic eligibility for next year, and he had classmates who took his place in the Spanish exam. The scam was soon discovered and the two students were expelled for having an affair. In standard Harvard treatment for serious disciplinary cases, they are told that they can apply for reentry within a year or two if they show good behavior during that time.
In June 1951, Kennedy enrolled in the United States Army and signed up for an optional four-year term that was shortened to a minimum of two years after his father intervened. After attending basic training at Fort Dix in New Jersey, he requested a job to Fort Holabird in Maryland for Army Intelligence training, but was dropped without explanation after a few weeks. He went to Camp Gordon in Georgia for training at the Military Police Corps. In June 1952, Kennedy was assigned to an honorary guard at SHAPE headquarters in Paris, France. His father's political connections ensured that he was not deployed to the ongoing Korean War. When placed in Europe, he often travels on weekends and climbs the Matterhorn in the Pennine Alps. He was released after 21 months in March 1953 as a private first class.
Kennedy re-entered Harvard in the summer of 1953 and improved his study habits. His brother John is the US Senator and his family attracts more public attention. Ted joined the late club The Owl in 1954 and was also selected for the Hasty Pudding Club and the brotherhood of Pi Eta. Kennedy underwent a period of athletic testing during his second year, and he returned as a second-string end to the Crimson football team during his first year and barely managed to get his university letter. Nevertheless, he received recruitment recruitment from head coach Green Bay Packers, Lisle Blackbourn, who asked him about his interest in playing professional football. Kennedy objected, saying that he had a plan to attend law school and "get into other contact sports, politics." In his senior season of 1955, Kennedy started at the end for the Harvard football team and worked hard to improve his blocking and countermeasures to complete the 6 ft2 in (1.88 m), 200 lb (91 kg). In the final match of the Harvard-Yale season in the snow at Yale Bowl on November 19 (won by Yale 21-7), Kennedy captured a pass to score a single Harvard goal; the team finished the season with a 3-4-1 record. Academically, Kennedy received mediocre grades for his first three years, rising to average B for his senior year, and finished almost at the top half of his class. Kennedy graduated from Harvard at the age of 24 in 1956 with an AB degree in history and government.
Because of its low value, Kennedy was not accepted by Harvard Law School. He followed his brother Bobby and enrolled at the University of Virginia Law Faculty in 1956. The acceptance was controversial among lecturers and alumni, who judged Kennedy's fraudulent past at Harvard to be inconsistent with the University of Virginia honors code; it takes a full faculty vote to receive it. Kennedy also attended the Hague International Law Academy for one summer. In Virginia, Kennedy felt that he had to study "four times harder and four times longer" as other students to follow them. He received most of the C's and was in the middle of the class rankings, but was the winner of the prestigious Might Court Competition at William Minor Lile. He was elected chairman of the Student Law Forum and brought many prominent speakers to campus through his family connections. While there, his questionable automotive practices were limited when he was accused of driving and driving indiscriminately without a license. While studying in law school, he was officially named manager of his pope's reelection campaign, 1958; Ted's ability to connect with regular street voters helped bring a record-setting winning margin that gave credibility to President John's aspirations. Ted graduated from law school in 1959.
Family and early career
In October 1957 (early in his second year of law school), Kennedy met Joan Bennett at Manhattanville College; they were introduced after a speech of dedication to the gymnasium whose family had donated on campus. Bennett is a senior in Manhattanville and has worked as a model and won a beauty contest, but he does not know the political world. After the couple got engaged, she became nervous about marrying someone she did not know well, but Joe Kennedy insisted that marriage should continue. The couple were married by Cardinal Francis Spellman on November 29, 1958, at St. Joseph in Bronxville, New York, with a reception held at Siwanoy Country Club. Together, Ted and Joan have three children: Kara (1960-2011), Ted Jr. (b.1961) and Patrick (b.1967). In the 1970s, the marriage was problematic because of Ted's affair and Joan's alcohol addiction.
Kennedy was accepted at the Massachusetts Bar in 1959. In 1960, his brother John announced his candidacy for the President of the United States and Ted set up his campaign in Western countries. Ted learned to fly and during the main Democratic campaign he did barnstorm around the western state, met with the delegates and tied him up by trying his hand at the ski jump and horseback riding. The seven weeks he spent in Wisconsin helped his brother win his first game of the season there and the same time spent in Wyoming was rewarded when an unanimous vote from the state delegation put his brother up in the 1960 National Democratic Convention.
After his victory in the presidential election, John withdrew from his seat as US Senator from Massachusetts, but Ted was not eligible to fill vacancies until February 22, 1962, when he would turn thirty. Ted initially wanted to stay in the west and do something other than go straight to work; he said, "The loss of my position is constant compared to two brothers who possess such superior abilities." Ted's brothers did not support him running immediately, but Ted ultimately wanted the Senate seat as an achievement to match his brothers, and their father rejected them. Therefore, John asked the Massachusetts Governor Foster Furcolo to name Kennedy a Ben Smith family friend as an interim senator for John's unfinished term, which he did in December 1960. This made the seat available to Ted.
Meanwhile, Ted began work in February 1961 as an assistant district attorney for Suffolk County, Massachusetts (where he took a nominal $ 1 salary), where he first developed a stubbornness against crime. He took many trips abroad, billed as a fact-finding tour with the aim of improving his foreign policy credentials. In the course of nine Latin American countries in 1961, the FBI report from then pointed out Kennedy's meeting with Lauchlin Currie, allegedly a former Soviet spy, along with locals in every country whose reports were considered left-wing and communist supporters. Reports from the FBI and other sources said Kennedy rented a brothel and opened the border after hours during the tour. The journey of Latin America helped formulate Kennedy's foreign policy views, and in the subsequent Boston Globe column he warned that the region might turn to Communism if the US did not reach it in a more effective way. Kennedy also began talking to local clubs and political organizations.
In the 1962 US Senate election in Massachusetts, Kennedy initially faced a major Democratic challenge from Edward J. McCormack, Jr., the state Attorney General. Kennedy's slogan is "He can do more for Massachusetts", which is the same as John used in his first campaign for the seat ten years earlier. McCormack has the support of many liberals and intellectuals, who assume Kennedy is inexperienced and knows about his suspension from Harvard, a fact which later became public during the race. Kennedy also faced the idea that with a brother of another US President and Attorney General, "Do not you think that Teddy is a Kennedy too much?" But Kennedy proved to be an effective street-level campaigner. In a televised debate, McCormack said "The US Senator's office should be decent, and not inherited," and said that if his opponent's name is Edward Moore, not Edward Moore Kennedy, his candidacy "would be a joke". The voters thought McCormack's performance was arrogant, and with the family's political machine finally getting entirely behind him, Kennedy won the September 1962 primary with a margin of two to one. In November's special election, Kennedy defeated Republican George Cabot Lodge II, a product of another Massachusetts political family, getting 55% of the vote.
US Senator
The first year, brother's murder
Kennedy was sworn into the Senate on 7 November 1962. He retained a respectful attitude towards the more senior senior members of the South when he first entered the Senate, avoiding publicity and focusing on committee work and local issues. Compared to his siblings at the office, he lacks the sophistication of John and Robert's powerful drive, sometimes a grille, but more friendly than one of them.
On November 22, 1963, Kennedy led the Senate - a task given to junior members - when an assistant rushed to tell him that his brother, President John F. Kennedy, had been shot. His brother Robert immediately told him that the President was dead. Ted and his sister Eunice Kennedy Shriver immediately flew to a family home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, to give the news to their illegitimate father, who had suffered a stroke suffered two years earlier.
On June 19, 1964, Kennedy was a passenger on a private Aero Commander 680 plane flying in bad weather from Washington to Massachusetts. The plane crashed into an apple orchard in the western city of Massachusetts, Southampton, on its last approach to Barnes Town Airport in Westfield. Pilot and Edward Moss (one of Kennedy's aides) were killed. Kennedy was withdrawn from ruins by fellow Senator Birch Bayh and spent several months in a hospital recovering from severe back injuries, leaky lungs, broken ribs and internal bleeding. He suffered from chronic back pain for the rest of his life as a result of the accident. Kennedy took advantage of his long recovery to meet with academics and study the issues more closely, and the hospital experience sparked a lifetime interest in the provision of health care services. His wife, Joan, campaigned for him in the 1964 US Senate election in Massachusetts, and he defeated his Republican counterpart by a margin of three to one.
Kennedy walked with a stick when he returned to the Senate in January 1965. He employed a stronger and more effective legislative staff. He took on President Lyndon B. Johnson and almost succeeded in amending the 1965 Voting Rights Act to explicitly prohibit polling taxes at state and local level (rather than simply directing the Attorney General to challenge his constitutionality there), thus earning a reputation for legislative skills. He was a leader in pushing through the 1965 Immigration and Citizenship Act, which ended the quota system on the basis of national origin and which, although Kennedy's prediction, would have profound effects on the US demographic arrangement. He played a role in the creation of the National Teachers Corps.
Following in the footsteps of the Cold Warrior of his fallen brother Kennedy initially said he "did not mind" about extending the US role in the Vietnam War and admitting it would be a "long and lasting fight". Kennedy held a hearing on the fate of refugees in the conflict, which revealed that the US government does not have a coherent policy for refugees. Kennedy also tried to reform the "unfair" and "unfair" aspects of the draft. During his January 1968 trip to Vietnam, Kennedy was disappointed by the lack of US progress, and suggested openly that the United States should notify South Vietnam, "Wake up or we will leave."
Ted initially advised his brother Robert against challenging President Johnson who was in charge for the Democratic nomination in the 1968 presidential election. After a solid showing of Eugene McCarthy in primary New Hampshire led to Robert's presidential campaign starting March 1968, Ted recruited political leaders for support to his brother in the states west. Ted was in San Francisco when his brother Robert won an important california on June 4, 1968, and then after midnight, Robert was shot in Los Angeles and died a day later. Ted Kennedy was devastated by the death of his brother, as he was closest to Robert among them in the Kennedys. Kennedy's maid, Frank Mankiewicz, said he saw Ted at the hospital where Robert lay wounded: "I have never, ever, never, I have ever expected, to see a face deeper into grief." At Robert's funeral, Kennedy praised:
My brother does not need to be idealized, or magnified in death beyond what is in his life; to be remembered only as a good and good person, who sees wrong and tries to do it, sees suffering and tries to heal him, sees war and tries to stop him. The people who love him and who bring him to his palace today, pray that what he does for us and what he expects for others will happen one day around the world. As he says many times, in many parts of this nation, to the people he touches and who tries to touch it: "Some people see things as they are and say why I dream of things that never existed and say why not. "
At the chaotic August 1968 National Conference, Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley and several other party factions feared that Hubert Humphrey could not unite the party, and encouraged Ted Kennedy to provide for the draft. The 36-year-old Kennedy was seen as the natural heir of his brothers, and the "Draft Ted" movement sprang up from various quarters and among the delegates. Thinking that he was only seen as a substitute for his brother and that he was not ready for the job himself, and getting an uncertain reaction from McCarthy and the negative from the Southern delegation, Kennedy refused any move to put his name before. convention as a candidate for nomination. He also rejected the consideration for the vice-presidential venue. George McGovern remains the bearer of a symbolic standard for Robert's delegates instead.
After the death of his brothers, Ted Kennedy took the role of a surrogate father for 13 of his nephews. With some reports, he also negotiated a marriage contract in October 1968 between Jacqueline Kennedy and Aristotle Onassis.
After Richard Nixon's Republican victory in November, Kennedy was widely assumed to be the leading candidate for the 1972 Democratic nomination. In January 1969, Kennedy defeated Louisiana Senator Louis Russell B. Long with a 31-26 margin to become the Senate Majority, the youngest person that. While this further enhanced his presidential image, he also appeared to be in conflict with the irregularity of having to run for the position; "Some who know he doubts that on the one hand he desperately wants to take that path," Time magazine reports, but "he has a fatalistic feeling, almost damned about the prospect". The reluctance is partly due to danger; Kennedy reportedly observed, "I knew that I would make my ass explode one day, and I did not want to." Indeed, there was a series of constant death threats against Kennedy for most of the rest of his career.
Genesis Chappaquiddick
On the night of July 18, 1969, Kennedy was on Chappaquiddick Island at the eastern end of Martha's Vineyard. She hosted a party she gave to Boiler Room Girls, a group of young women who had worked on a presidential 1968 destined by her half sister Robert. Kennedy left the party with one of the women, Mary Jo Kopechne, 28 years old. Driving 1967 Oldsmobile Delmont 88, he tried to cross the Dike Bridge (which did not have a guardrail at the time). Kennedy lost control of his vehicle and crashed in a hole in Poucha Pond, which is a tidal channel on Chappaquiddick Island. Kennedy escaped from an upside-down vehicle, and, with its description, plunged beneath the surface seven or eight times, in vain trying to reach and save Kopechne. Finally, he swam to shore and left the scene, with Kopechne still trapped inside the vehicle. Kennedy did not report the accident to the authorities until the next morning, when Kopechne's body was found.
A week after the incident, Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the crash site and was sentenced to two months in jail. That night, he gave a national broadcast in which he said, "I regard it as an undeniable fact that I did not report the accident to the police immediately," but he denied driving under the influence of alcohol and also denied any immoral behavior between him. and Kopechne. Kennedy asked Massachusetts voters whether he should stay in office or resign; after receiving a good response in a message sent to him, Kennedy announced on July 30 that he would remain in the Senate and run for re-election next year.
In January 1970, an examination of Kopechne's death was held in Edgartown, Massachusetts. At the request of Kennedy's lawyer, the Supreme Judicial Court ordered the investigation to be conducted in secret. The presiding judge, James A. Boyle, concluded that some aspects of Kennedy's story of the night were incorrect, and the careless driver "seemed to have contributed" to Kopechne's death. A grand jury at Martha's Vineyard conducted a two-day investigation in April 1970 but did not issue an indictment, after which Boyle made his examination report to the public. Kennedy considers his conclusions "not justified." Questions about the Chappaquiddick incident resulted in a large number of articles and books over the next few years.
1970s
In late 1968, Kennedy joined the new National Health Insurance Committee at the invitation of its founder, United Auto Workers president Walter Reuther. In May 1970, Reuther died and Senator Ralph Yarborough, chairman of the Labor and Public Welfare Committee and Health subcommittee, lost his primary election, prompting Kennedy into a leadership role in the national health insurance issue. Kennedy introduced the bipartisan bill in August 1970 for a single national health insurance payer without charge-sharing, paid with payroll taxes and general federal income.
Regardless of the previous year's Chappaquiddick controversy, Kennedy easily won a re-election to another term in the Senate in November 1970 with 62% of votes for the disadvantaged Republican candidate, Josiah Spaulding, although he received about 500,000 votes less than 1964.
In January 1971, Kennedy lost his position as the Senate Majority to Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, 31-24. He will then tell Byrd that the defeat is a blessing, as it allows him to focus more on the issues and work of the committee, where his best strength is and where he can influence independently from the Democratic Party apparatus, and begin a decade as chair of the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research from the Senate Employment and Public Welfare Committee.
In February 1971, President Nixon proposed a health insurance reform - an employer's mandate to offer private health insurance if the employee voluntarily paid 25 percent of the premium, federalization of Medicaid for the poor with dependent children, and support for health maintenance organizations. A national health insurance hearing was held in 1971, but no bill was supported by House Chairman Ways and Means and Senate Finance Chairman of Wilbur Mills Representative and Senator Russell Long. Kennedy sponsored and helped pass the limited Healthcare Organization Act of 1973. He also played a leading role, with Senator Jacob Javits, in the creation and part of the National Cancer Act of 1971.
In October 1971, Kennedy made his first speech about The Troubles in Northern Ireland: he said that "Ulster became English Vietnam", demanded that British troops leave the northern region, called for united Ireland, and declared that the Ulster Unionists who could not accept this "should given a decent opportunity to return to England "(the position he withdrew from within a few years). Kennedy was strongly criticized by the British and Ulster trade unions, and he formed a long political relationship with the founder of the Irish Democratic and Social Party, John Hume. In a number of anti-war speeches, Kennedy opposed the policy of Vietnamese President Nixon on Vietnamization, calling it "the policy of violence [that] means more wars". In December 1971, Kennedy strongly criticized the Nixon government's support for Pakistan and ignored the "brutal and systematic repression of East Bengal by the Pakistani army". He traveled to India and wrote a report on the suffering of 10 million Bengali refugees. In February 1972, Kennedy flew to Bangladesh and delivered a speech at the University of Dhaka, where the rampage murder had begun a year earlier.
The death of Mary Jo Kopechne in the Chappaquiddick incident has severely hampered Kennedy's future prospects, and shortly after the incident he declared that he would not be a candidate in the 1972 US presidential election. However, a poll in 1971 suggested he could win a nomination if he tried, and Kennedy thought to run. In May of that year he decided not to, saying that he needed "time to breathe" to gain more experience and to take care of the children of his brothers and that in the amount, "It felt wrong in my stomach." However, in November 1971, Gallup Polling still placed him in first place in the Democratic nomination election with 28 percent. George McGovern nearly reached the Democratic nomination in June 1972, when various anti-McGovern forces tried to get Kennedy into the contest at the last minute, but he refused. In 1972 the Democratic National Convention, McGovern repeatedly tried to recruit Kennedy as vice president, but Kennedy refused. When McGovern's chose Thomas Eagleton to resign soon after the convention, McGovern once again tried to make Kennedy take a nod, again without success. McGovern chose Kennedy's brother-in-law Sargent Shriver.
In 1973, Kennedy's twelve-year-old son, Edward Kennedy, Jr., was diagnosed with bone cancer; his legs were amputated and he was undergoing a long, difficult, and experimental two-year treatment. The case brought international attention among doctors and in the media, as did the return of the Kennedy youth to the ski slopes half a year later. Patrick's son suffers from a severe asthma attack. The pressure of the situation befell Joan Kennedy. On several occasions, he entered the facility for the treatment of alcoholism and emotional tension. In addition, he was arrested for drunk driving after a traffic accident.
In February 1974, President Nixon proposed a more comprehensive health insurance reform - an employer's mandate to offer private health insurance if employees voluntarily pay 25 percent of the premium, Medicaid reimbursement by state-run health insurance plan is available to all with income-based and divi- cost and replacement of Medicare with a new federal program that removes restrictions on hospital days, adds out-of-pocket expense limits, and adds outpatient prescription coverage. In April 1974, Kennedy and Mills introduced a nearly universal draft law for national health insurance with benefits that were identical to Nixon's expanded plans - but with mandatory participation by employers and employees through payroll taxes - both plans were criticized by labor, consumers , and senior citizen organizations because of the large cost sharing. In August 1974, following Nixon's resignation and President Ford's call for health insurance reform, Mills tried to advance the compromise under Nixon's plan - but with mandatory participation by employers and employees through premiums to private health insurance companies - but gave up when unable to earn more than 13-12 majority of the committee to support the compromise plan.
After the Watergate scandal, Kennedy pushed for campaign finance reform; he was a major force behind the passage of the 1974 Federal Election Electoral Law Amendment, which sets limits on contributions and public finances set for presidential elections. In April 1974, Kennedy traveled to the Soviet Union, where he met with leader Leonid Brezhnev and advocated a ban on complete nuclear tests and casual emigration, gave a speech at Moscow State University, met with Soviet dissidents, and obtained an exit visa for renowned cellist Mstislav Rostropovich. Kennedy's Subcommittee on Refugees and Refugees continued to focus on Vietnam, especially after the Fall of Saigon in 1975.
Kennedy initially opposed school children crossing racial lines, but grew to support the practice as it became the focal point of civil rights efforts. After the federal judge W. Arthur Garrity ordered the Boston School Committee in 1974 to racially integrate Boston's public schools through bushing, Kennedy made a surprise appearance at the September 1974 anti-noise rally at City Hall Plaza to express the need for peaceful dialogue and meetings. with extreme hostility. The mostly white people shouted insults at his children and threw tomatoes and eggs at him as he retreated to John F. Kennedy's Federal Building and went further to push one of the glass walls and break it.
Kennedy was once again widely spoken of as a candidate in the 1976 US presidential election, with no strong front-runner among other Democratic candidates. Kennedy's concerns about his family are strong, and Chappaquiddick is still in the news, with The Boston Globe , The New York Times Magazine , and Time all magazines reassess the incident it and raises doubts about the version of the Kennedy event. In September 1974, Kennedy announced that for family reasons he would not run in the 1976 election, stating that his decision was "firm, final, and unconditional." The Democratic nominee finally, Jimmy Carter, builds a little through a relationship with Kennedy during his main campaign, convention, or election campaign. Kennedy was to re-election the Senate in 1976. He defeated the main challenger who was angry at his support for the Boston school bus. Kennedy then won the election with 69% of the vote.
The years of Carter's reign were difficult for Kennedy; he was the most important Democrat in Washington since the death of his brother Robert, but now Carter is, and Kennedy initially did not have a full committee chairman who holds influence. Carter in turn sometimes hates Kennedy's status as a political celebrity. Although generally similar ideologies, their priorities are different. Kennedy told reporters that he was satisfied with his congressional role and saw the president's ambitions as almost fictitious.
Kennedy and his wife Joan split up in 1977, though they still performed together at several public events. He held an audience of the Healthcare Subcommittee and Scientific Research in March 1977 that led to a public revelation of extensive scientific errors by contract research organizations, including the Industrial Bio-Test Laboratory. Kennedy visited China on a goodwill mission in late December 1977, met with leader Deng Xiaoping and finally obtained permission for a number of Mainland Chinese to leave the country; in 1978, he also visited the Soviet Union and Brezhnev and the dissidents there again. During the 1970s, Kennedy also showed interest in nuclear disarmament, and as part of his efforts in this field even visited Hiroshima in January 1978 and gave a public speech about it at Hiroshima University. He became chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee in 1978, at which time he had assembled a wide Senate staff of a hundred.
As a candidate, Carter has proposed a health care reform that includes key features of Kennedy's national health insurance bill, but in December 1977, President Carter told Kennedy that his bill should be changed to maintain a major role for private insurance companies, minimizing federal spending (excluding payroll tax payments), and gradually so as not to interfere with Carter's most important domestic policy objective - balancing the federal budget. Kennedy and the workers compromised and made the requested changes but broke with Carter in July 1978 when he would not commit to pursue one bill with a fixed schedule for comprehensive coverage gradually. Frustrated by Carter's budget concerns and political caution, in a December 1978 address to national health insurance at a Democratic mid-term convention, Kennedy said of the overall liberal objective that "sometimes a party must sail against the wind" and in particular should provide care health such as "the basic right for all, not just the privilege that is expensive for a handful of people."
In May 1979, Kennedy proposed a new bipartisan national health insurance bill - a choice of a private health insurance plan agreed by the federal government with the division of fees financed by premium income through employer's mandate and individual mandate, Medicaid reimbursement by premium government payments for insurance companies private, and improved Medicare by adding prescription drug coverage and eliminating premiums and cost sharing. In June 1979, Carter proposed a more limited health insurance reform - an employer's mandate to provide private health insurance plus coverage without cost-sharing for pregnant women and infants, federalization of Medicaid with extensions for all very poor, and improved Medicare by adding disaster coverage. No plan has gained any appeal in Congress, and the failure to reach agreement represents the last political violation between the two. (Carter wrote in 1982 that Kennedy's disagreement with Carter's proposed approach "ironically" thwarted Carter's efforts to provide a comprehensive health care system for the country.In turn, Kennedy wrote in 2009 that his relationship with Carter was "unhealthy" and that " Clearly President Carter is a difficult person to convince - anything. ")
1980 presidential campaign
Kennedy finally decided to seek a Democratic nomination in the 1980 presidential election by launching an unusual rebel campaign against the ruling Carter. A poll in mid-1978 showed that Democrats preferred Kennedy over Carter by a margin of 5 to 3. During the spring and summer of 1979, when Kennedy considered whether to run, Carter was not intimidated despite the 28 percent approval rating, and said publicly: "If Kennedy runs, I'll whip his ass." Carter later asserted that Kennedy's constant criticism of his policies was a strong indicator that Kennedy planned to run for president. Unions urged Kennedy to run for office, as did some Democratic Party officials who feared that Carter's unpopularity could lead to huge losses in the 1980 congressional elections. Kennedy decided to run in August 1979, when a poll showed him a 2-to-1 advantage over Carter; Carter's approval rating slumped by 19 percent. Kennedy officially announced his campaign on November 7, 1979, at Boston's Faneuil Hall. He has already received a lot of negative pressure from the long-winded response to the question "Why do you want to be President?" during an interview with Roger Mudd of CBS News which aired several days earlier. The Iranian hostage crisis, which began on 4 November, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which began on December 27, prompted voters to rule around the president and allow Carter to pursue Rose Garden's strategy of staying in the White House, which kept the Kennedy Campaign out of headlines.
Kennedy campaign staff was disorganized and Kennedy was initially an ineffective campaigner. The Chappaquiddick incident emerged as a matter of more importance than the staff expected, with some newspaper columnists and editorials criticizing Kennedy's answers to the problem. In the Iowa caucus of January 1980 that preceded the preliminary season, Carter destroyed Kennedy by a margin of 59-31 percent. Kennedy's fundraising soon declined and his campaign had to be frugal, but he remained opposed, saying "[Now] we will see who will whip anyone." Nevertheless, Kennedy lost three New England contests. Kennedy did form a more coherent message about why he ran, saying at Georgetown University: "I believe we should not let the dream of social progress be destroyed by those whose premises have failed." However, concerns over Chappaquiddick and issues related to personal character prevented Kennedy from winning the support of many who were disappointed with Carter. During St. Petersburg Day Parade Patrick in Chicago, Kennedy had to wear a bulletproof vest because of the threat of murder, and the hecklers shouted "Where is Mary Jo?" to him. In a key March 18 in Illinois, Kennedy failed to win the support of Catholic voters, and Carter destroyed it, winning 155 of 169 delegates.
With little mathematical hope of winning nominations and polls showing the possibility of another defeat in New York primary, Kennedy prepares to step down from the race. However, partly due to unhappiness of Jewish voters with US voices at the United Nations against Israeli settlements in the West Bank, Kennedy stirred and won a March 25 vote with a 59-41 percent margin. Carter responded with an advertising campaign that attacked the character of Kennedy in general without explicitly mentioning Chappaquiddick, but Kennedy still managed to win thin on April 22 in primary Pennsylvania. Carter won 11 of the 12 preliminaries held in May, while on June 3 the election of Prime Minister Super, Kennedy won California, New Jersey, and three states smaller than eight contests. Overall, Kennedy has won 10 preliminary presidents against Carter, who won 24.
Although Carter now has enough delegates to win the nomination, Kennedy took his campaign to the 1980 Democratic National Convention in August in New York, hoping to pass the rules there that would free the delegates from the bonds with the main results and open the convention. This move failed on the first night of the convention, and Kennedy resigned. On the second night, August 12, Kennedy delivered the most famous speech of his career. Drawing on references and quotes from Martin Luther King, Jr., Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Alfred Lord Tennyson to say that American liberalism did not pass, he concluded with the words:
For me, a few hours ago, this campaign ended. For all the people whose attention has been our concern, the work goes on, the cause survives, the hope is alive, and the dream will never die.
Audience Madison Square Garden reacted with a standing ovation and demonstration for half an hour. On the last night, Kennedy arrives late after Carter's acceptance speech and when he shakes Carter's hand, he fails to raise Carter's hand in a traditional show of party unity. Carter's difficulty in securing the support of Kennedy's supporters during the election campaign led to his defeat in November by Ronald Reagan.
1980s
The 1980 elections saw Republicans not only arresting the president but also controlling the Senate, and Kennedy was in the minority party for the first time in his career. Kennedy did not live on losing his presidency, but reaffirmed his public commitment to American liberalism. He chose to be a member of the rank of the Public Employment and Welfare Committee rather than the Justice Committee, which he later said was one of the most important decisions of his career. Kennedy became a staunch warrior of women's issues and gay rights, and established contacts with elected Republican senators to block Reagan's acts and preserve and improve the Right to Choose Act, funding for AIDS care, and funding which is equivalent to women's sport under Title IX. To combat minorities, he worked long hours and composed a series of public forums such as hearings that could invite experts and discuss important topics for him. Kennedy could not hope to stop all changes to the Reagan administration, but often it was almost the only effective Democratic party against it.
In January 1981, Ted and Joan Kennedy announced that they were divorced. The process was generally friendly, and he accepted the reported $ 4 million settlement when the divorce was granted in 1982. Later that year, Kennedy created the Friends of Ireland organization with Senator Daniel Moynihan and House Speaker Tip O'Neill to support the initiative for peace. and reconciliation in Northern Ireland.
Kennedy easily defeated Republican Republican Ray Shamie to win re-election in 1982. Senate leaders gave him a seat on the Armed Services Committee, while allowing him to keep his main seats despite the traditional limitations of the two seats. Kennedy became highly visible in opposing aspects of the Reagan administration's foreign policy, including US intervention in the El Salvador Civil War and US support for Contras in Nicaragua, and opposing Reagan's weapon systems, including B-1 bombers, Misil MX, and the Strategic Defense Initiative. Kennedy became a major supporter of the Senate for nuclear freeze and was a critic of Reagan's confrontational policy towards the Soviet Union. A 1983 memorandum of KGB chairman Viktor Chebrikov told the general secretary Yuri Andropov noted this stance and asserted that Kennedy, through discussions of former Sen. John Tunney with Soviet contacts, had suggested that US-Soviet relations might be enhanced if Kennedy and Andropov were able to meet directly to discuss the problem of gun control and if Soviet officials, through Kennedy's help, can speak to the American public through US news media. Andropov was not impressed by the idea.
Kennedy's staff drew up a detailed plan for candidacy in the 1984 presidential election he considered, but with his family opposed and his realization that the Senate was a fully satisfying career, at the end of 1982 he decided not to run. Kennedy campaigned for Democratic presidential candidate Walter Mondale and defended vice-president Geraldine Ferraro from criticism for being a pro-choice Catholic, but Reagan was re-elected.
Kennedy made a tiring, dangerous, and high profile trip to South Africa in January 1985. He opposed the wishes of the apartheid government and militant militants left AZAPO by spending the night at Soweto's home, Bishop Desmond Tutu and also visiting Winnie Mandela, his wife. from the imprisoned black leader Nelson Mandela. Upon return, Kennedy became a leader in pushing economic sanctions against South Africa; working with Senator Lowell Weicker, he got the Senate, and ruled out Reagan's veto, from the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986. Despite political differences, Kennedy and Reagan have good personal relationships, and with the Kennedy government's approval to do travel. to the Soviet Union in 1986 to act as an intermediary in arms control negotiations with Soviet reformist leader Mikhail Gorbachev. The discussions were productive, and Kennedy also helped liberate a number of Soviet Jewish spies, including Anatoly Shcharansky.
Although Kennedy was a great legislator, his personal life was problematic during this time. His weight fluctuated wildly, he drank a great deal - though not when it would interfere with the task of the Senate - and his cheeks became stained. Kennedy later admitted, "I went through a lot of hard times during a period in my life where [drinking] may be a factor or a strength." She often pursues women, and also in a series of more serious romantic relationships but does not want to do anything for the long term. He often played with fellow Senator Chris Dodd; twice in 1985 they were in a drunken incident at a Washington restaurant, with one that involves unwanted physical contact with a maid. In 1987, Kennedy and a young lobbyist surprised at the back room of a restaurant in a state of partial partial head.
After reconsidering the candidacy for the 1988 presidential election, influenced by his personal difficulties and family problems, and content to remain in the Senate, in December 1985 Kennedy publicly broke off any talk he might have run. He added: "I know this decision means I may never be president, but chasing the presidency is not my life. Kennedy uses his legislative skills to achieve the COBRA Act section, which extends the employer's health benefits after leaving work. After the 1986 congressional elections, the Democrats regained control of the Senate and Kennedy became chairman of the Employment and Public Welfare Committee. Now Kennedy has become what Joe Biden's colleague calls "the best strategist in the Senate," who always knows when to move legislation. Kennedy continued his close working relationship with Republican Senator Orrin Hatch, and they were close allies on many health-related measures.
One of Kennedy's biggest battles in the Senate came with a Reagan nomination in July 1987 of Judge Robert Bork to the US Supreme Court. Kennedy saw Bork's appointment as likely to lead to the demolition of the civil rights law he helped do, and feared Bork's original judicial philosophy. Kennedy's staff has scrutinized Bork's writings and records, and within an hour of nomination - which was originally expected to work - Kennedy went to the Senate floor to announce his opposition:
Robert Bork's America is a country where women will be forced to have abortions behind the street, blacks will sit on separate lunch benches, mischievous policemen can smash people's doors at midnight attacks, schoolchildren can not be taught about evolution, writers, and artists. censored by the wishes of the Government, and the gates of Federal courts will be covered with the fingers of millions of citizens...
The smoldering rhetoric of what is known as the speech of "Robert Bork's America" ​​angers supporters of Bork, who regard him as a slander, and also worries some Democrats. But the Reagan administration was not ready for the attack, and the speech froze some Democrats from supporting the nomination and gave Kennedy and other Bork opponents time to prepare the case against him. When the September 1987 Justice Committee trial began, Kennedy challenged Bork forcibly on civil rights, privacy, women's rights, and other issues. Bork's own attitude hurt him, and the nomination was defeated both in the full committee and Senate. Bork's tone of battle changed Washington's way of working - with controversial candidates or candidates now experiencing an all-out war against them - and the consequences are still felt a few decades later.
During the 1988 presidential election, Kennedy endorsed the eventual Democratic nominee, Massachusetts Gov. Michael Dukakis, from the start of the campaign. In the fall, Dukakis lost to George H. W. Bush, but Kennedy won re-election to Republican Senate Joseph D. Malone in the most easy race of his career. Kennedy remains a powerful force in the Senate. In 1988 Kennedy sponsored the amendment of the Fair Housing Act of 1968, which prohibited discrimination in the rental, sale, marketing and financing of state housing; the amendment strengthens the ability of the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunities to enforce the Law and extend protected classes to include persons with disabilities and families with children. After prolonged negotiations during 1989 with Bush's chief of staff John H. Sununu and Attorney General Richard Thornburgh for Bush's approval, he directed a section of America famous for the Disabilities Act of 1990. Kennedy has a personal interest in the bill because of the condition of his sister Rosemary and his missing legs, and he regards his enactment as one of the most important achievements of his career. In the late 1980s, Kennedy and Hatch fought a protracted battle with Senator Jesse Helms to provide funds to combat the AIDS epidemic and provide care for affected low-income people; this will lead to the enactment of the Ryan's White Treatment Act. In late November 1989, Kennedy went to see first hand the Berlin Wall that had just collapsed; he spoke at John-F.-Kennedy-Platz, the famous "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech of 1963, and said, "Emotionally, I just wish my brother could see it."
The early 1990s
Kennedy's private life dominated his image. In 1989 the paparazzi followed him on vacation to Europe and photographed him to have sex with a motor boat. In February 1990, Michael Kelly published his long and thorough profile of "Ted Kennedy on the Rocks" in GQ magazine. It captures Kennedy as "an aging Irish boyo holding a bottle and skinning a blonde," describing it as an unbridled County raid, and carrying his behavior to the forefront of public attention. Kennedy's brother-in-law, Stephen Edward Smith, died of cancer in August 1990; Smith was a close family member and problem solver, and his death caused Kennedy to lose emotionally. Kennedy encouraged, but even his legislative successes, such as the 1991 Civil Rights Act, which expanded the rights of employees in discrimination cases, came at a cost of being criticized for compromising with Republicans and South Democrats.
On Easter weekend 1991, Kennedy was at a gathering in Palm Beach, Florida, a family-owned plantation. After reminiscing about his brother-in-law, Kennedy is restless and whiny when he goes for a late night visit to the local bar. He got his son Patrick and William Kennedy Smith's nephew to accompany him. Patrick Kennedy and Smith returned with the women they met there, Michelle Cassone and Patricia Bowman. Cassone said that Ted Kennedy then approached him and Patrick, who was only dressed in a nightgown and had a strange expression on his face. Smith and Bowman go to the beach, where they have sex that he says is like the likes, but he said it was rape. The local police conducted a pending investigation; Kennedy's sources immediately fed the press with negative information about Bowman's background, and some major newspapers violated the unwritten rule by publishing his name. This case quickly became a media madness. Though not directly involved in the case, Kennedy became a frequent joke on The Tonight Show and other late night television programs. Time magazine says Kennedy is considered the "Palm Beach boozer, lout and odd tabloid" while Newsweek says Kennedy is a "living symbol of family disability".
Bork and Clarence Thomas are the two most controversial Supreme Court nominations in US history. When Thomas's hearing began in September 1991, Kennedy pressed Thomas on his reluctance to express his opinion about Roe v. Wade , but the nomination seems to be a success. When Anita Hill brought sexual harassment charges against Thomas the following month, the nominating battle dominated the public discourse. Kennedy was paralyzed by his past reputation and ongoing developments in the case of William Kennedy Smith. He barely said anything until the third day of the Thomas-Hill hearings, and when he did so it was criticized by Hill's supporters for being too little, too late.
Biographer Adam Clymer assesses Kennedy's silence during Thomas's hearing as the worst moment in his Senate career. Writer Anna Quindlen says "[Kennedy] disappointed us because he had to; he was muzzled by the facts of his life." On the day before the full Senate election, Kennedy gave a passionate speech to Thomas, stating that the treatment of Hill had been "embarrassing" and that "[giving] the benefit of doubts to Judge Thomas was to say that Judge Thomas was more important than the Supreme Court." He then voted against the nomination. Thomas was confirmed by 52-48 margins, the narrowest one that ever existed for a successful nomination.
Due to the attention of Palm Beach media and the Thomas hearing, Kennedy's public image suffered. The Gallup poll gave Kennedy a very low 22 percent national approval rating. The Boston Herald /WCVB-TV poll found that 62 percent of Massachusetts residents think Kennedy should not run for re-election, with a margin of 2 to 1 assuming Kennedy has misled authorities in a Palm Beach investigation. , and Kennedy lost the hypothetical Senate race to Governor William Weld with 25 points. Meanwhile, on June 17, 1991, a dinner party, Kennedy saw Victoria Anne Reggie, a Washington lawyer in Keck, Mahin & amp; Cate, a divorced mother of two, and daughter of the old Kennedy family ally, Louisiana judges Edmund Reggie. They started dating and in September are in a serious relationship. In a late October speech at John F. Kennedy's School of Government, Kennedy sought to begin a political recovery, saying: "I am very aware that the criticisms directed against me in recent months involve more than a disagreement with my position... [ friends and many others who rely on me to fight a good fight For them I say, I acknowledge my own shortcomings - a mistake in my personal life behavior I realize that I am personally responsible for them, and I am the one who has to face they are. "In December 1991, William Kennedy Smith's rape trial was held; it was broadcast nationally and the most watched until the assassination case of O. J. Simpson three years later. Kennedy's testimony in the hearing seemed relaxed, confident, and forthcoming, and helped convince the public that his involvement was peripheral and unintentional. Smith was released.
Kennedy and Reggie continue their relationship and he is devoted to his two children, Curran and Caroline. They were engaged in March 1992, and married in a civil ceremony by Judge A. David Mazzone on July 3, 1992, at Kennedy's home in McLean, Virginia. He will get credit by stabilizing his personal life and help him continue his productive career in the Senate.
Kennedy has no further presidential ambitions. Despite initially supporting former Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas in the 1992 Democratic presidential election, Kennedy made a good relationship with Democrat President Bill Clinton during his last tenure in 1993. Kennedy's success line under the floor of the Clinton's National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993 which created the AmeriCorps program, and although reservations support the president on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). On Kennedy's most noteworthy issue, national health insurance, he supported but little involved in the formation of Clinton's health care plan, run by First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton and others. It failed and damaged the prospects for such legislation for years to come. In 1994, Kennedy's strong recommendation from former Justice Committee staff Stephen Breyer played a role in Clinton appointing Breyer to the US Supreme Court. During 1994 Kennedy became the first senator with a home page on the World Wide Web; product of an effort with the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of MIT, it helps counteract the image of Kennedy as old and non touching.
At the US Senate election in Massachusetts in 1994, Kennedy faced his first serious challenger, the young, telegenic, and heavily funded Mitt Romney. Romney ran as a successful entrepreneur and outsider Washington with a strong and moderate family image standing on social issues, while Kennedy burdened not only with the recent past but 25th birthday Chappaquiddick and his first wife Joan sought a negotiated divorce settlement. In mid-September 1994, polls showed the race to be balanced. The Kennedy campaign squandered the money, and entrusted his image of a rich man without interruption, he was forced to take a second mortgage at his home in Virginia. Kennedy responded with a series of advertisement attacks, which focused both on Romney's shifting political views and treatment
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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