William Stewart Halsted , MD (September 23, 1852 - September 7, 1922) was an American surgeon who emphasized strict aseptic techniques during surgical procedures, was an early hero of newly discovered anesthesia, and introduced several operations new. , including a radical mastectomy for breast cancer. Together with William Osler (Professor of Medicine), Howard Atwood Kelly (Professor of Gynecology) and William H. Welch (Professor of Pathology), Halsted is one of the "Big Four" professors at Johns Hopkins Hospital. The operating room at Johns Hopkins Hospital is at Ward G, and is described as a small room where discovery and medical miracles occur. According to a doctor who once worked in the Halsted operating room, Halsted has a unique technique, operates on patients with high self-esteem and often gets the perfect result that astonishes apprentice physicians. He was then called the Father of Modern Surgery .
Throughout his professional life, he was addicted to cocaine and then also morphine, which was not illegal during his time. As expressed by Osler's diary, Halsted developed a high drug tolerance level for morphine. He "can never reduce the amount to less than three grains every day" (about 200 mg). Addiction is a direct result of Halsted using himself as an experimental subject, in investigation of the effects of cocaine as an anesthetic agent.
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William S. Halsted was born on September 23, 1852 in New York City. Her mother is Mary Louisa Haines and her father William Mills Halsted, Jr. He is the eldest of four siblings. His father was an entrepreneur with Halsted, Haines and Company which is an organization that supplies dry goods. William Halsted, Jr. very involved in the community. The family of William S. Halsted is of British descent and very rich with two houses in the state of New York. One of their houses is on Fifth Avenue in New York City and the other is a plantation in Westchester County, New York. Despite appointing a Presbyterian, Halsted is agnostic in adulthood. Halsted was educated at home by tutors until 1862, when he was sent to boarding school in Monson, Massachusetts at the age of ten. He does not like his new school and even runs away at one point. He was enrolled at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where he graduated in 1869. Halsted entered Yale College after a year studying at home. At Yale, Halsted is the captain of the football team, playing baseball and rowing on the crew team, but his academic achievements are below average. One of his social setbacks was in his senior year when he was not accepted at the prestigious Secret Society of Skulls and Bones. At the end of his senior year at Yale, a renewed interest in medicine appeared to be emerging. Halsted attended medical school at Yale Medical School and studied books on the subject of anatomy and physiology.
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Medical education
After graduating from Yale in 1874, Halsted entered Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. There are different theories why Halsted decided to go to medical school. One theory is that he was inspired by his father's involvement in medical organizations. Another possible reason was that she decided to go to medical school because she could not imagine herself in the family business, not because she dreamed of becoming a surgeon. Once he entered medical school, his academic achievements in the past were replaced by a performance that made Halsted superior. There are some inseparable figures in his career during medical school. The first is Henry B Sands, a renowned surgeon, who was Halsted's teacher during this time. Halsted is also assistant Professor of Physiology John Call Dalton. During medical school, Halsted also works at a pharmacy in his spare time. After two years of medical school, Halsted started to burn. He complained about his memory not being working properly among other things so during the summer of his second year he went to Block Island in Rhode Island. Here, he learns while participating in activities such as fishing and sailing. He then took a competitive exam to apply for an internship at Bellevue Hospital in New York although the program is only open to students with a medical degree. Halsted did very well on the exam and was awarded an apprenticeship for House Surgeon in Bellevue where he remained for a year.
Halsted spent most of his apprenticeship in the medical ward but also assisted with several surgical operations. Conditions in the hospital are very unhealthy; Bleeding patients are a common practice during this time, and surgical instruments are not properly maintained as they are modern. The apprentice ran around the hospital with a pail full of pus from the patient. During his apprenticeship, Halsted was introduced with an antiseptic idea through a doctor using the Joseph Lister technique that was created in 1867. This sparked interest in Halsted, and he assisted with the problem of infection in Bellevue for the rest of the internship. He ended his academic career in the top ten medical school classes. He then participates in a competition that places him at the top of his class. He graduated in 1877 with a Doctor of Medicine.
Medical career
After graduation, Halsted joined the New York Hospital as a home doctor in April 1878, where he introduced a hospital chart that tracks the patient's temperature, pulse and breathing. It was at New York Hospital that Halsted met the pathologist William H. Welch, who would be his closest friend. He left the New York Hospital in October 1878.
Halsted has spent all the medical training opportunities offered by the United States in his position, as there are no programs to train new medical school graduates for a career in medicine at the moment. Halsted then went to Europe to study under the care of several prominent surgeons and scientists, including Edoardo Bassini, Ernst von Bergmann, Theodor Billroth, Heinrich Braun, Hans Chiari, Friedrich von Esmarch, Albert von KÃÆ'Âlikliker, Jan Mikulicz-Radecki, Max Schede, Adolph StÃÆ'¶hr, Richard von Volkmann, Anton WÃÆ'¶lfler, Emil Zuckerkandl. He became very close to Anton Woelfler, who gave him unlimited access to resources. Halsted relationships that are forged with future leaders in their field will last a lifetime. During this time in Europe, new cancer began to be studied more widely, making the arrival time ideal. This experience inspired him with some new medical ideas and practices he would contribute in the United States.
Halsted returned to New York in 1880 and for the next six years led an incredibly powerful and energetic life. Like when Halsted visited Europe, it was a good time for Halsted's involvement as operations were on the verge of important discoveries. He operates in several hospitals including the Highway Hospital, the College of Physicians and Surgeons where he is Assistant Demonstrator at Anatomy, Charity Hospital, Bellevue Hospital and Roosevelt Hospital where he is a visiting physician in the third, and the Emigrant Hospital where he is the chief surgeon. At Bellevue Hospital, he convinced the hospital to set up a tent that was used as a surgical area where he could practice the idea of ​​antiseptic surgery. The project cost $ 10,000 at the time. Halsted also began teaching, but he was very lost from the classical teaching methods. He reformed the classroom by creating a more direct experience coupled with theories for his students who were generally at the top of their class. He is a very popular teacher, inspiring, and charismatic because of this. In 1882 he performed one of the first gallbladder operations in the United States, a cholecystotomy performed on his mother at the kitchen table at 2 am in which he removed seven gallstones. Her mother was completely healed. Halsted also performed one of the first emergency blood transfusions in the United States. He was called to meet his sister after she gave birth. He finds him almost bloodless, and in bold motion withdraws his own blood, transfers his blood to his brother, and then operates it to save his life. Because of this operation, Halsted became famous for being brave, and his reputation as a surgeon gradually increased.
In 1884, Halsted read a report by Austrian eye doctor Karl Koller, describing the anesthetic strength of cocaine when implanted on the surface of the eye. Halsted, his students, and his fellow physicians experimented with each other, and showed that cocaine can produce a safe and effective local anesthetic when applied topically and when injected. Halsted will also inject himself with the drug to test it before using it on his patients during surgery. In the process, Halsted and several other colleagues became addicted to the drug. Halsted and Dr. Richard Hall is the only addict who will survive their cocaine problem. Halsted maintains an active career while dealing with his addiction for five years. Although, there are some clues about her condition all along. Halsted published an article in 1885 in the New York Medical Journal , and it was incoherent. It shows what circumstances Halsted with his addiction to cocaine. His close friend, Harvey Firestone, realized the gravity of the situation, and arranged for Halsted to be abducted and boarded a ship bound for Europe. In the two weeks required to complete the voyage, Halsted undergoes an early raw form of detoxification. Upon his return to the United States, he became addicted again, and was sent to Butler's Sanatorium in Providence, Rhode Island, where they tried to cure cocaine addiction with morphine. He was there for seven months. Although he remained dependent on morphine for the rest of his life, he continued his career as a pioneering surgeon; much of the innovation remains a standard operating room procedure. However, his addiction to cocaine ended his medical career in New York City.
After leaving Butler in 1886, Halsted moved to Baltimore, Maryland to join his friend William Welch in setting up and launching the new Johns Hopkins Hospital. Halsted started working in Welch's experimental lab, and he presented a paper at Harvard Medical School. Although, soon after, he was accepted back to Butler Hospital and remained there for nine months. He returned to Baltimore afterward. When Johns Hopkins University Hospital opened in May 1889, he became Head of the Outpatient Department, hospitalized, and Associate Professor of Surgery after being recommended by Welch when the first choice for the position failed. This lower position alludes to the fact that the government is still worried about cocaine addiction in Halsted's past. In 1890, he was appointed Head of Surgery at the hospital. In 1892, Halsted joined Welch, William Osler, and Howard Kelly in establishing Johns Hopkins Medical School, and was appointed the first Professor of Surgery. Although, compared to his teaching in New York, Halsted's teachings declined. He will pay attention to certain students and ignore the rest. However, he will also provide certain inhabitants working under him an unprecedented learning experience because of the enormous responsibility he has given them. During these years at Johns Hopkins, he is credited with many achievements in the surgical world.
Achievements
Halsted is credited with starting the first formal resident training program in the United States at Johns Hopkins. He based this primarily on the ideas he acquired in Europe, mainly from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. This is the basis for a residency training program in place today. The program starts with an undefined long internship (individuals progressing after Halsted believes that they are ready for the next level of training), followed by six years as a resident assistant, and then two years as a home surgeon. The program was also developed to create role models and teachers for the next generation of surgeons. Halsted trained many prominent academic surgeons at the time, including Harvey Williams Cushing and Walter Dandy, founders of the neurosurgery subspecialty; and Hugh H. Young, founder of urology specialization. His method of training surgeons spread, first throughout Baltimore and then throughout the United States. Many prominent figures in medical operations are affected and influenced by his new training system, and it has a huge impact on American medicine.
Halsted holds the belief that cancer spreads through the bloodstream, which makes it think that removal of a localized tumor will cure cancer. This conviction led him to perform the first radical mastectomy for breast cancer in the US at Roosevelt Hospital in New York in 1882; the first operation was performed in France a century earlier by Bernard Peyrilhe (1735-1804). Halsted has observed a German surgeon performing an increasingly aggressive operation to remove a breast cancer tumor, but the patient is still recurring even with this more aggressive surgery. A British surgeon, Charles Moore, believes that more breast tissue should be eliminated and doctors trying to save women from sedition do harm. Halsted took this to the next level, eventually switching to pectoralis major, lymph nodes near the collarbone, and lymph nodes near the armpits. Some surgeons in Europe even issue ribs from women with breast cancer. This causes great damage to the women who are operated on. Halsted presented his findings at the American Surgical Association conference in New Orleans in 1898, concluding that the procedure slashed the percentage of local recurrence. He also presented more findings in 1907, showing similar results. Although, radical mastectomy over the years has been attacked. It is now known that the survival of breast cancer is more closely related to how many cancers have spread before surgery than how much is removed during surgery.
Halsted creates several techniques for surgery so that tissue damage and blood supply will be minimized. Some of these new advances include different types of forceps, stitches, and ligatures. He was also the first to introduce rubber gloves to the operating room for surgery in 1889, drastically improving sanitary operations. Although, this was not originally championed for sanitation reasons. The main reason for the introduction of rubber gloves is to protect the hands of her nurse scrub, Caroline Hampton. She is allergic to antiseptics so Halsted facilitates arrangement with Goodyear Rubber Company to make rubber gloves. Caroline Hampton would later become his wife.
He is also known for many other medical and surgical accomplishments. In addition to working on breast cancer, Halsted also contributes to surgical treatments for other diseases including vascular aneurysms, inguinal hernias, and certain primary carcinomas of the Vater ampula. In addition, he helped develop anesthesia, an integral part of modern operations. As one of the first advocates of hemostasis and wound healing researchers, Halsted pioneered the Halsted principle, the principles of modern surgery to control bleeding, accurate anatomy dissection, complete sterility, precise tissue estimation in the overcrowded wound coverage, and tissue handling. soft..
Other accomplishments include the introduction of latex surgical gloves and advances in thyroid gland surgery, bile ducts, hernias, intestines and aneurysmal arteries.
H.L. Mencken regards Halsted as the greatest physician of the entire Johns Hopkins group, and Mencken's praise for his achievements when he reviews the biography of Dr. 1930. MacCallum is an impressive tribute. "His contributions to operations are numerous and diverse, and he introduces the use of local anesthesia, he is the first to wear rubber gloves, and he designs many new and clever operations, but the main service is somewhat more general, and difficult to explain. new and better anticepsis patients and asepsis, coming when he was young, has turned the surgeon's attention to external and often foreign things Fighting germs, they tend to forget the concrete illnesses men on the table Dr. Halsted change all of it.He shows that hand-handled networks, even though they can not scream, can suffer and die.He studies the natural strengths of body healing, and shows how they can be made to help the Patient, He stands up against the sloppy cuts, and teaches that a surgeon must walk very carefully, Dr. William Mayo, one of the founders of dar i Mayo Clinic, once commented that Dr. Halsted took a long time to perform the procedure that normally the patient recovered before he had a chance to close the incision. Although, like most people in his skills, he has no religion, he has not revived and strengthened the old adage Ambroise Parà ©  © 'God healed him; I help. 'Above all, he was an amazing teacher, though he never taught formally. The young people who come out of the operating room are highly trained, and are one of the greatest ornaments of American operations today. "
Personal life
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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