National Cancer Institute

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The National Cancer Institute ( NCI ) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is one of eleven institutions that are part of the US Department of Health and Human Services. NCI coordinates the US National Cancer Program and conducts and supports research, training, health information dissemination, and other activities related to cancer prevention, diagnosis and treatment; supportive care for cancer patients and their families; and cancer survival.

On June 10, 2017, President Donald J. Trump announced his intention to appoint Norman Sharpless as director of the National Cancer Institute.

NCI is the oldest and has the largest budget and research program of 27 institutes and NIH centers. It fulfills most of its mission through an extramural program that provides grants for cancer research. In addition, the National Cancer Institute has an intramural research program in Bethesda, Maryland and at Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research at Fort Detrick, in Frederick, Maryland. NCI receives more than $ 5 billion in funding annually.

NCI supports a nationwide network of 69 NCI designated Cancer Centers with a special focus on cancer research and care and maintains the National Clinical Test Network.

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History

1937 - Creation of NCI by the National Cancer Act of 1937
1940 - The first issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute was published
1944 - Congress makes NCI the division of operations of the National Institutes of Health by the Health Service Act. Congress amended the Public Health Service Act with the National Cancer Act of 1971 to expand the scope and responsibilities of NCI "to make it more effective to make a national effort against cancer."
1955 - NCI established the Clinical Trial Cooperative Group Program which includes several research networks that conduct clinical cancer research mainly under the NCI sponsorship.
1957 - The first cancer (choriocarcinoma) heals with chemotherapy in NCI.
1960 - NCI begins funding government-supported cancer centers
1971 - President Nixon converts the former Army biological warfare facility in Fort Detrick, Maryland, into a research house on the causes, treatment, and prevention of cancer.
1971 - National Cancer Act of 1971 states "war on cancer", establishes National Cancer Advisory Board, and provides additional funding for cancer research
1975 - Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research opened in Frederick, MD as a Federal Funded Development and Research Center
1993 -Nut Revitalization Act of 1993 encourages NCI to expand its efforts in prostate cancer, breast cancer, and other female cancers and increased allocation authority.
2009 - The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provides $ 10 billion in additional funding for NIH; NCI received $ 1.3 billion in funding.
2016 - The 21st Cures Act raises funding for biomedical research. The "Cancer Moonshot" program promises additional support for cancer research.

Investigating anti-cancer drugs

The NCI plays an early role in the discovery of anti-cancer drugs in the US According to a 2002 NCI analysis of drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), two-thirds of the anti-cancer drugs approved at the end of 1995 were the NCI-sponsored Investigational New Drugs:

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Organization

NCI is divided into several divisions and centers.

Intramural

Cancer Research Center

The CCR includes about 250 internal NCI research groups in Frederick and Bethesda.

Division of Epidemiology of Cancer and Genetics

DCEG is divided into Epidemiology and Biostatistics Programs and the Human Genetics Program.

Extramural

Division of Cancer Biology

DCB oversees about 2,000 grants per year in the field of cancer cell biology; cancer immunology, haematology, and etiology; DNA and chromosome deviations; structural biology and molecular applications; tumor biology and microenvironment; and tumor metastasis. "Research Program Special" fall under the auspices of the DCB include: Network Physical Science-Oncology, System Cancer Consortium Biology, Forum Model Oncology, Research Network Translation Esophagus Barrett, a New Approach for Lethality Synthetic for Carcinoma Mutants, Molecular and Cellular Mutant Characterization of Lesions Detected Screen, Fusion Oncoproteins in Childhood Cancers, and Collaborative Engineering Cancer Network.

Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences
Cancer Prevention Division
Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis Division

DCTD supports eight research programs: Biometric Research Program, Cancer Diagnosis Program, Cancer Imaging Program, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Therapeutic Development Program, Radiation Research Program, Translation Research Program, and Office of Complementary and Alternative Medicine of Cancer.

Extramural Activity Division

The DEA process and support the thousands of grant applications NCI receives annually and report on the progress of research funded by the NCI program.

Office director

Information Center for Biomedicine and Information Technology
Cancer Genomic Center

CCG was created in 2011 and is responsible for the management of the Genome Cancer Genome and the genomic initiatives of cancer.

Cancer Training Center
Global Health Center
Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives

In the 1990s, the Unconventional Innovation Program was created to integrate interdisciplinary technology research with biological applications. It was reorganized in 2004 as CSSI.

Center for Reducing the Health Cancer Gap
Research Strategy Center
Clinical Trial Coordination Center
Technology Transfer Center

National Cancer Institute Says Researchers Didn't Quickly Tell FDA ...

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Program

NCI designated Cancer Center

NCI's Designated Cancer Center is one of the major weapons in the NCI mission in support of cancer research. There are currently 69 designated centers; 13 clinical cancer centers, 49 comprehensive cancer centers, and 7 basic laboratory cancer centers. NCI supports these centers with grants in the P30 Cancer Center Support Center to support joint research resources and interdisciplinary programs. In addition, faculty at cancer centers receive about 75% of the grants provided by NCI to individual researchers.

The NCI cancer center program was introduced in 1971 with 15 participating institutions.

National Clinical Test Network

NCTN was formed in 2014 from the Cooperative Group program to modernize existing systems to support clinical precision clinical trials. With precision medicines, a large number of patients should be examined to determine the feasibility of developmental care.

Lead Academic Participating Sites (LAPS) were selected in 30 academic institutions because of their ability to conduct clinical trials and screen large numbers of participants and provide grants to support the infrastructure and administration required for clinical trials. Most of the LAPS Grants recipients are also NCI's designated cancer centers. NCTN also keeps the surgical network of patients in national network network banks at various universities.

Program Therapy Development

The NCI Development Therapeutics Program (DTP) provides services and resources for the academic research community and the private sector worldwide to facilitate the discovery and development of new cancer therapeutic agents.

Under the "Discovery & amp; Development Services" label several services are offered, including NCI-60 human screen cancer cells and the Molecular Target Program.

In the Molecular Target Program, thousands of molecular targets have been measured in the NCI panel of 60 human tumor cell lines. Measurements include protein levels, RNA measurements, mutation status and enzyme activity levels.

NCI-60 Cellular Tumor Cell Line Display

The evolution of strategies at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) describes changes in screening resulting from advances in cancer biology. The Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP) operates a tiered anticancer compound screening program with the aim of identifying new chemical clues and biological mechanisms. The DTP screen is a three-phase screen that includes: the first screen that involves a single-dose cytotoxicity screen with 60 cell line tests. Those who cross a certain limit are subject to a 5 dose screen of the same 60 cell-line panels to determine a more detailed picture of biological activity. A second phase screen establishes Maximum Tolerance Dosage and involves in vivo examination of tumor regression using Hollow fiber test. The third phase of the study was the evaluation of human tumor xenograft. [1]

Active compounds are selected for testing based on several criteria: the specificity of the disease type in in vitro tests, unique structures, potential, and demonstration of unique patterns of cellular cytotoxicity or cytostasis, suggesting a unique action mechanism or intracellular target.

High cytotoxicity correlations with known biological mechanism compounds often predict the mechanism of action of the drug and thus a tool to assist in drug development and testing. It also tells whether there is a unique response from a drug that does not resemble one of the standard prototype compounds in the NCI database.